An experimental study on the carbon conversion efficiency and emission indices of air and steam co-flow diffusion jet flames

Toward a Better Air-Assisted Flare Design for Safe and Efficient Operation during Purge Flow Conditions: Designing and Performance Testing

“…Zamani et al studied the impacts of the waste gas composition and flow rate, assistant fluid flow rate, and burner head geometry. They found that combustion efficiency declined rapidly after some critical flow rates of assistance fluids . However, most of these studies have been done on pilot flares (inner diameter < 6 in.…”

“…They found that combustion efficiency declined rapidly after some critical flow rates of assistance fluids. 18 However, most of these studies have been done on pilot flares (inner diameter < 6 in. ), which differ greatly from industrial scale flares, as discussed by Ahsan et al, who showed that there are differences in the threshold value of the ratio of assistant fluid to waste gas mass flow where the CE decreases.…”

Gas- and Particulate-Phase Emissions from Lab-Scale Flares Experiencing Liquid Carryover

“…Water is well known for its ability to extinguish flames (e.g., Richard et al 2003;Atreya et al 2000), which is primarily attributed to dilution effects on the combustion reactants and a consequential decrease in the flame temperature below which oxidation reactions may be sustained. Conversely, water and steam have also been found to aid combustion and reduce emissions of unwanted pollutants (Bello et al 2021;Kazemimanesh et al 2021;Zamani et al 2021;Trivanovic et al 2020;Richard et al 2003;Dryer 1977). Atreya et al (2000) studied the impact of water injection on flames with various oxygen concentrations, providing insight into the differing ways water may impact combustion.…”

“…However, in healthy burning flames with sufficient oxygen, the addition of water can aid the combustion process and decrease emissions of soot, or BC. Zamani et al (2021) added steam to a co-flow diffusion flame and found that BC emissions would decrease monotonically with increasing steam addition. However, at a critical rate of steam addition, the flame was quenched and the combustion efficiency collapsed.…”

“…Temperature can strongly influence soot production, while soot effectively radiates heat away from the flame and may impact the temperature of the flame. Additives have been shown to indirectly influence flame temperature as a result of altered soot concentrations in the flame and ensuing radiation levels (Zamani et al 2021;Simonsson et al 2018). Greater quantities of soot in an NaCl-doped flame would cause the flame to radiate more heat and cause the flame temperature to decrease, which in a counterbalancing fashion could stabilize soot production, potentially contributing to the plateau observed in soot production from flares with NaCl addition.…”