“…These engines can provide greater control over thrust and trajectory by adjusting the air-fuel ratio and nozzle angle, achieving increased maneuverability compared to that of other engine types . Scramjet engines mainly use exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (exo-THDCPD), which is the major component of high-energy-density JP-10, an endothermic hydrocarbon fuel with a high gravimetric calorific value (9697 kcal kg –1 ), high density (0.94 kg L –1 ), and low freezing point (−79 °C), which enables the flight to operate above Mach 5; therefore, these engines are primarily used in weapon systems. , However, exo-THDCPD has limitations as a jet fuel due to its low hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, which reduces the combustion efficiency of the scramjet engine, and poor atomization during pyrolysis and oxidation . To overcome these limitations, the use of energetic materials as nanoadditives into the fuel, which is referred to as nanofluids, has been studied to enhance the combustion properties …”