An Experimental Study of Chromatography on Silicic Acid—Celite. The Applicability of the Theory of Chromatography<sup>1,2</sup>

Trueblood, K. N.; Malmberg, Earl W.

doi:10.1021/ja01165a076

Cited by 29 publications

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“…The tube was stoppered, then tapped and a t the same time rotated. m'hen no further settling of the adsorbent took place, a fine wire mesh disk was placed on top of the column (31). Three milliliters of developing solvent yere pipetted onto the column n-hile slight suction was applied.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As soon as the solution was about to disappear in the adsorbent, the pressure was released and the midpoint position of the benzo [alpyrene zone was recorded. This position was used as the corrected starting position for the purpose of calculating the RF values (31). Developing solvent was added in increments of 0.25 to 1 X of w t e r results in an increasingly zone ; as recorded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partially Deactivated Silica Gel Columns in Chromatography. Chromatographic Behavior of Benzo [a]pyrene

Cahnmann¹

1957

Anal. Chem.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partially Deactivated Silica Gel Columns in Chromatography. Chromatographic Behavior of Benzo [a]pyrene

Cahnmann¹

1957

Anal. Chem.

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“…The problem of linear adsorption kinetics has been outlined by Thomas (34), Hougen and Marshall (17), Klotz (21), and others, but has not previously been solved for the present elution case. However, Trueblood and Malmberg (38) have recently applied the Mayer and Tompkins relations to adsorption chromatography. For the reversible reaction L + surface = Lsurface with nearly all the available surface constantly unoccupied, Ktai With the substitution, where necessary, of D or D' by Dad, every relation from Equation 8on (except those that involve c0 or Cq, or specific numerical mass transfer values) is directly applicable to adsorption chromatography when the variables applying to ion exchange are replaced by completely correspondent variables applicable to adsorption.…”

Section: J (43)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion-Exchange Chromatography of Trace Components

Vermeulen¹,

Hiester²

1952

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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I carry out separations of rare earths, amino acids, and other inorganic and organic materials that are not isolated easily by the older chemical procedures. The present paper will outline a quantitative calculation method for interpreting and predicting the performance of fixed-bed separation columns under the limiting condition of low relative concentration-i.e., under "trace" conditions. The proposed method is based upon a kinetic or diffusional approach and reduces under specified restrictions to a result given also by the equilibrium plate theory of Mayer and Tompkins (86).The relation of an ion exchange separation to a bulk saturation of ion exchange resin will be of interest to the general reader. As shown in the upper diagram of Figure 1, an ordinary bulk saturation operation as performed on a process liquor involves a large extent of displacement of an innocuous ion from the resin by an undesirable ion (adsorbate ion) from the feed liquor. When the column is saturated t o the extent that breakthrough of the undesirable ion occurs, the flow is interrupted and the column is then eluted or regenerated by passing through it an excess of solution of the innocuous ion. Saturation operations will be considered here only to the extent needed for deriving the theory of trace separations.The lower diagram of Figure 1 depicts an elution separation of the chromatogaphie type. In this operation only a small amount of solution containing the components to be separated is admitted to the column. These components are then washed through (eluted) by an electrolyte solution (the elutant) that initially is free of them. The components travel through the column as bands or zones a t slightly different velocities. If the column is of sufficient length the zones will draw apart completely from one another and may be recovered in the effluent as separate solutions of each individual component in carrier electrolyte. Movement of a zone through the resin occurs by the following mechanism: Liquid on the upstream (trailing) side of a zone is 1 Present address, Stanford Research Institute, Stanford, Calif. undersaturated with respect to the adsorbed component and continually takes it into solution. Passing beyond the peak of the zone to the downstream (leading) side, the same liquid is supersaturated relative to coexisting resin and hence gradually redeposits the solute component. OPERATING VARIABLESThe elution separation just described is a function of a large number of chemical and physical factors, which will be shown in this paper to be amenable to mathematical interpretations. DISTRIBUTION RATIO. This is the dimensionless ratio. DA q;Pb/CAfE which is given in Equation 4, of solute concentrations in the solid and liquid phases. The distribution ratio affects directly the rate of linear advance ( U A ) of a zone; the ratio ( R~) A of zone movement to fluid movement (I;) is given h5-In order to carry out a separation, it iF; obviously necerisary for the values DA, DB, etc., of the components undergoing elution to differ substanti...

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“…The serial elution of mono-, di-, and trisaccharides from charcoal by in creasing concentrations of ethanol has proved effective in the procedure of Whistler & Durso (144 (150,151) have in vestigated the adsorpti o n chromatography of nitroanilines on silica. As a result of a" study of the preparation, operation, and capacity of the columns, it was possible to obtain linear isotherms, symmetrical zones, and good plate efficiency .…”

Section: Column Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatography

Moore¹,

Stein²

1952

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

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The present review will be focused primarily on innovations in chromato graphic principles or practice, covering the literature since the review by Martin (1) two years ago. Many of the applications of chromatography are dealt with in other sections of the volume, particularly those pertaining to amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, sterols, and carbohydrates. The reviews in these fields for both 1951 and 1952 may be consulted for recent literature references. A complete bibliography on the subject of chromatography is beyond the scope of one review. It has appeared desirable to limit the present section to a selection of some of the newer developments which are extending the usefulness of the method.Several books on chromatography have been published in the past two years. Adsorption and Chromatography by' Ca , ssidy treatment of the principles of adsorption analysis, Zechmeister (3) has pre pared a supplement to his earlier volume, covering developments in the period from 1938 to 1947. Lederer (4) has written a report on the progress in the chromatography of organic compounds in the period 1939 to 1949. Cramer (5) has prepared a brief monograph on paper chromatography and related techniques, issued in the summer of 1951. Reviews have been written by Strain (6, 7), Boulanger & Biserte (8), and Berl (9). Paper chromatogra phy has been reviewed by Clegg (10).Theory of "partition" chromatography.-Sufficient data have been ac cumulated on the performance of a variety of systems to merit a brief review of the theory and the terminology of chromatographic techniques. The con cept of liquid-liquid (or "partition") chromatography, as introduced by Martin & Synge, has, more than any other single factor, stimulated the development of new chromatographic methods within the past few years. In their approach to liquid-liquid chromatographic systems, Martin & Synge were particularly concerned with two special characteristics of liquids -the ability of solutes to diffuse into the interior of liquid droplets, which can increase the capacity of a column packing, ana the absence of rigidly oriented surfaces in fluid materials, which can yield a system free from some of the uncertainties of adsorption on solid surfaces. These two properties are capable of setting liquid-liquid columns clearly apart from liquid-solid chroma tograms.Most of the column packings used in "partition " chromatography, how ever, are actually gels rather than true liquids [Martin (1), Synge (11)]. As such, they still possess, to a considerable degree, the two important attri butes of liquids emphasized above. But gels also possess additional properties, and it is these which lead to some of the differences observed between true 521 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1952.21:521-546. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on 11/27/14. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 1 The term "liquid chromatogram" has been used [ef. (2)1 to refer to experiments in which the solutes ...

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An Experimental Study of Chromatography on Silicic Acid—Celite. The Applicability of the Theory of Chromatography^1,2

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Partially Deactivated Silica Gel Columns in Chromatography. Chromatographic Behavior of Benzo [a]pyrene

Partially Deactivated Silica Gel Columns in Chromatography. Chromatographic Behavior of Benzo [a]pyrene

Ion-Exchange Chromatography of Trace Components

Chromatography

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An Experimental Study of Chromatography on Silicic Acid—Celite. The Applicability of the Theory of Chromatography1,2

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Partially Deactivated Silica Gel Columns in Chromatography. Chromatographic Behavior of Benzo [a]pyrene

Partially Deactivated Silica Gel Columns in Chromatography. Chromatographic Behavior of Benzo [a]pyrene

Ion-Exchange Chromatography of Trace Components

Chromatography

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Product

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An Experimental Study of Chromatography on Silicic Acid—Celite. The Applicability of the Theory of Chromatography^1,2