An Experimental Method to Determine the Interstitial Splitting Forces and Thermal Load Input Induced by Self-Tapping and Self-Drilling Bone Screws: A Pilot Study

Abstract

Background: The aim is to evaluate methods to quantify the interstitial splitting force and thermal load input of self-tapping and self-drilling osteosynthesis screws. Methods: A specialized modular test bench was developed to measure the induced splitting force of self-drilling and self-tapping osteosynthesis screws using porcine mandibular bone. In addition, a fundamentally new approach to measure the temperature near the contact zone of osteosynthesis screws (fiber-optic sensor in the axis of the screw) was established. Results: The self-drilling screw type induces a splitting force of about 200 N in the surrounding tissue, so that microdamage of the bone and increased resorption can be assumed. Even pre-drilling induces a short-time force into the tissue, which is comparable to the splitting force of the self-tapping screw. The temperature increase in the screw is clearly higher compared to the temperature increase in the surrounding tissue, but no significant difference in temperature between the two screw types could be measured. Based on the measured temperatures of both screw types, the temperature increase in the contact zone is considered critical. Complications during the screwing process caused by the manual tool guidance resulted in numerous breakages of the fiber-optic sensors. Conclusions: The developed methods provide additional insight regarding the thermomechanical load input of self-drilling and self-tapping screws. However, based upon the optical fiber breakages, additional refinement of this technique may still be required.