“…Before the current widespread use of coronary artery bypass surgery, a variety of indirect operations were advocated including: stimulation of adhesions be tween the pericardium and myocardium [17], pectoral muscle grafts [18], stomach, liver, spleen, omental and lung grafts [19,20], as well as the internal mammary artery implantation procedure [21]. None of these proce dures survived close scrutiny.…”