An experimental method for the assessment of color simulation tools

Lillo, Julio; Álvaro, Leticia; Moreira, Humberto

doi:10.1167/14.8.15

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Some visual simulations of how different stimuli appear to dichromats (16) have been demonstrated to work reasonably well (17). For example, these simulations suggest that some hues that appear reddish to common observers would appear desaturated and brownish for dichromats-a hue that normal trichromats typically dislike (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Color preference in red–green dichromats

Álvaro

Moreira

Lillo

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Around 2% of males have red-green dichromacy, which is a genetic disorder of color vision where one type of cone photoreceptor is missing. Here we investigate the color preferences of dichromats. We aim (i) to establish whether the systematic and reliable color preferences of normal trichromatic observers (e.g., preference maximum at blue, minimum at yellow-green) are affected by dichromacy and (ii) to test theories of color preference with a dichromatic sample. Dichromat and normal trichromat observers named and rated how much they liked saturated, light, dark, and focal colors twice. Trichromats had the expected pattern of preference. Dichromats had a reliable pattern of preference that was different to trichromats, with a preference maximum rather than minimum at yellow and a much weaker preference for blue than trichromats. Color preference was more affected in observers who lacked the cone type sensitive to long wavelengths (protanopes) than in those who lacked the cone type sensitive to medium wavelengths (deuteranopes). Trichromats' preferences were summarized effectively in terms of cone-contrast between color and background, and yellow-blue cone-contrast could account for dichromats' pattern of preference, with some evidence for residual red-green activity in deuteranopes' preference. Dichromats' color naming also could account for their color preferences, with colors named more accurately and quickly being more preferred. This relationship between color naming and preference also was present for trichromat males but not females. Overall, the findings provide novel evidence on how dichromats experience color, advance the understanding of why humans like some colors more than others, and have implications for general theories of aesthetics.dichromacy | aesthetic preference | color vision | color naming I ndividuals vary in their perceptual experience of the world, and sometimes this variation is caused by genetic differences (1-4). Dichromacy is a form of color-vision deficiency affecting about 2% of human males in which only two of the three types of retinal cone photoreceptors are functional because of genetic factors (1, 2). Protanopes, deuteranopes, and tritanopes lack cone photoreceptors sensitive to long (L), medium (M), and short (S) wavelengths, respectively. Accordingly, dichromats' color discrimination is poorer, and their spectral sensitivity is slightly shifted to longer wavelengths (deuteranopes) or is moderately shifted to shorter wavelengths (protanopes) compared with that of normal trichromats (common observers; see table 3.6 in ref. 5).In normal trichromats, cone responses are the input signals for two chromatic cone opponent mechanisms, red-green and yellowblue, based on L−M and S−(L+M) cone responses, respectively, and one achromatic mechanism, mainly based on L+M responses (1). Traditionally it has been considered that protanopes and deuteranopes lack functionality in the red-green mechanism, because this opponent mechanism is based on the comparison of L and M cone responses, and one...

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mentioning

confidence: 96%

Color preference in red–green dichromats

Álvaro

Moreira

Lillo

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…As it happened for h uv , the L R values of the colors simulated by Vischeck were very much more accurate than their Coblis' equivalents. Therefore we concluded [17] that Vischeck is a much more accurate tool than Coblis to simulate red-green dichromacy.…”

Section: Results and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Mann-Whitney U tests were performed and p values lower than .05 indicated significant differences between real and simulated dichromats (see Figures 9 and 10 in Ref. [17]). Hue angle values were very similar for real red-green dichromats (protanopes and deuteranopes) and for those simulated by Vischeck, but not for those simulated by Coblis.…”

Section: Results and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Section 2, we will present an experimental method developed to evaluate the accuracy of color simulation tools in relation to dichromats [17]. Section 3 gives an overview of two competitive models developed to describe and predict the confusions made by red-green dichromats when naming colors [18,19].…”

Section: Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lillo et al created and developed in 2014 [17] a method named "Simulcheck" to evaluate ("-check") the accuracy of color simulation ("Simul-") tools. This method is based on the measurement of two colorimetric variables, h uv (hue angle) and L R (relative luminance).…”

Section: Simulcheckmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Colorimetry and Dichromatic Vision

Moreira¹,

Álvaro²,

Melnikova³

et al. 2018

Colorimetry and Image Processing

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Normal trichromats have three types of cone photoreceptors: L, M, and S cones (most sensitive to long, medium, or short wavelengths, respectively). Therefore, standard colorimetry is based on three variables (X, Y, Z). Dichromats only have two types of functional cones due to genetic factors. The main consequences are that dichromats (1) confuse colors that can only be discriminated by the response of the type of cone they lack and (2) make errors when naming colors. Chromaticity diagrams can be used to specify dichromats' color confusions. Confusion points represent imaginary stimuli that only activate L, M, or S cones. Confusion lines radiate from confusion points and represent pseudoisochromatic stimuli (i.e., colors confused by the corresponding type of dichromat if presented at an appropriate intensity). Dichromat's color appearance models have been developed to simulate the colors supposedly seen by dichromats, and there exist color simulation tools that implement some of those models.

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How the orientation of the color gamut of natural scenes influences color discrimination in red-green dichromacy

Marques,

Nascimento

2024

Vision Research

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An experimental method for the assessment of color simulation tools

Cited by 16 publications

References 43 publications

Color preference in red–green dichromats

Color preference in red–green dichromats

Colorimetry and Dichromatic Vision

How the orientation of the color gamut of natural scenes influences color discrimination in red-green dichromacy

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