An experimental investigation of the evaporation of cryogenic-liquid-pool spreading on concrete ground

Nguyen, Le-Duy; Kim, Myungbae; Choi, Byung-Il

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.094

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Quite obviously, this aspect is potentially largely affected by the thermal properties of the substrate considered in the analysis. Indeed, a large share of the heat exchange between cryogenic liquids and the surrounding environment is typically attributed to the conductive term [61]. Afterwards, a linear decrease of liquid mass representative of a stationary phase can be observed.…”

Section: Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Medium-Scale Accidental Releases of LNG

Mocellin

Pio

Carboni

et al. 2023

Fire

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The need for sustainable energy sources has recently promoted the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a low-carbon fuel. Although economic evaluations indicate the transportation of LNG as a convenient solution for long distances between markets and reservoirs, several concerns are still present regarding its safe use and transportation. The preliminary evaluations performed in this work indicate that credible releases deriving from real bunkering operations result in pools having a diameter smaller than 1 m, which has been poorly investigated so far. Hence, an experimental campaign devoted to the characterization of a medium-scale release of LNG was carried out either in the presence or absence of an ignition source. An evaporation rate of 0.005 kg s−1 m−2 was collected for the non-reactive scenario, whereas the measured burning rate was 0.100 kg s−1 m−2. The reduction factor of 20 demonstrates the inaccuracy in the commonly adopted assumption of equality between these values for the LNG pool. Flame morphology was characterized quantitatively and qualitatively, showing a maximum ratio between flame height and flame diameter equal to 2.5 and temperatures up to 1100 K in the proximity of the flame.

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Section: Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Medium-Scale Accidental Releases of LNG

Mocellin

Pio

Carboni

et al. 2023

Fire

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“…However, through the dynamic simulation method, it is unrealistic to calculate the BOG amount generated in any bunkering time limit. Therefore, based on the simulated data, the Sigmoidal Weibull function type 2 (SWeibull 2) in OriginPro 2017 software (OriginLab Cor., Northampton, MA, USA) was used to fit the simulated data [33,34], as shown in Figure 11. through the BOG return pipeline, the longer the time limit, the smaller the temperature difference between the two ships.…”

Section: Calculation For Mass Of Bog Amountmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Optimization of Boil-Off Gas Generation for Different Time Limits in Liquid Natural Gas Bunkering

2019

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This study focus on the optimal time limit of ship-to-ship (STS) liquid natural gas (LNG) bunkering by dynamic simulation. Based on this, a mathematical model for calculating the boil-off gas (BOG) amount was developed. With respect to the modeling of the study, the diameter of the bunkering line is set as 8 inch while that of the BOG return pipeline is set as 4 inch to satisfy the pressure of the receiving ship and BOG generation. The capacities of the cargo tank and fuel tank for bunkering and receiving ships are set as 4538 m3 and 700 m3, respectively. The results indicated that the BOG amount with different LNG bunkering time limit is variable. The BOG flow rate varies inversely with respect to the bunkering time limit after 20 min. Additionally, it is necessary to control the bunkering time within 120 min since additional BOG is generated when the capacity of the pump exceeds 100,000 kg/h, and thus the tank pressure difference between bunkering and receiving ship may be reduced. It is believed that the results of the research could provide feasible assistance for STS LNG bunkering for the ports, and could give a specific guideline for the amount of the BOG generation.

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“…Marsegan et al [12] carried out numerical simulation of LNG diffusion under active and passive barriers, founding that the active barrier effectively reduced the diffusion range of LNG by accelerating the entrainment between air and gas. Nguyen et al [13] conducted a liquid pool evaporation experiment with different leak rates on the water surface. They proposed a model to express the function relationship between evaporation rate, leakage rate and time based on the experimental results and one-dimensional heat conduction model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of Leakage and DiffusionProcess of LNG Storage Tanks

Chen

Rasouli

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background The previous researches mainly focused on the potential hazards associated with LNG leaks and the level of the influence of external environmental factors on the dispersion effect of LNG spills. Few considerations were given to phase change. Therefore, in order to investigate the evolution process of LNG liquid pool and gas cloud diffusion, the effect of phase change on dispersion during LNG release is studied to analyze the behavior characteristics of LNG liquid pool expansion and gas cloud diffusion, and the effect of the leaking aperture on the gas cloud diffusion process is also studied. Methods The Eluerian model and Realizable k-ε model were used to numerically simulate the liquid phase leakage and diffusion process of LNG storage tanks. The homogeneous Eulerian multiphase model was adopted to model the phase change process after LNG leaks to the ground. The Eulerian model defines that different phases are treated as interpenetrating continuum, and each phase has its own conservation equation. The average diameter of LNG droplet and NG bubble were set to 0.01 m. The standard k-ε model and realizable k-ε model are commonly used to describe turbulent motion. However, the realizable k-ε model can not only effectively solve the problem of curved wall flow, but also simulate free flow containing jets and mixed flows. In addition, the realizable k-ε model had higher accuracy in concentration distribution by simulating Thorney’s heavy gas diffusion field test. Therefore, the realizable k-ε model was selected for gas diffusion turbulence. Results The diffusion of the explosive cloud was divided into heavy gas accumulation, entrainment heat transfer and light gas drift. The vapor cloud gradually separated into two parts from the whole "fan leaf shape". One part was a heavy gas cloud, the other part was a light gas cloud which spread with the wind in the downwind direction. The change of leakage aperture had a greater impact on the whole spill and dispersion process of the storage tank. The increasing leakage aperture would lead to 10.3 times increase in liquid pool area, 78.5% increase in downwind dispersion of methane concentration at 0.5LFL, 22.6% increase in crosswind dispersion of methane concentration at 0.5LFL and 249% increase in flammable vapor cloud volume. Within the variation range of the leakage aperture, the trend of the gas cloud diffusion remains consistent, but the time for the liquid pool to keep stable and the gas cloud to enter the next diffusion stage was delayed. The low-pressure cavity area within 200 m of the leeward surface of the storage tank will accumulate heavy gas for a long time, forming a local high concentration area. Conclusion Within the variation range of leakage aperture, there will always be a local high concentration area within 200 m downstream of the storage tank. In the field near the storage tank, the clouds settle and accumulate towards the ground in the state of gas-liquid two-phase flow, and the density of the cloud is gradually lower than the air in the far field, manifesting as light gas diffusion. The methane concentration in this area is high and lasts for a long time, so it should be the focus area of alarm prediction.

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An experimental investigation of the evaporation of cryogenic-liquid-pool spreading on concrete ground

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Characterization of Medium-Scale Accidental Releases of LNG

Characterization of Medium-Scale Accidental Releases of LNG

Dynamic Optimization of Boil-Off Gas Generation for Different Time Limits in Liquid Natural Gas Bunkering

Numerical Simulation of Leakage and DiffusionProcess of LNG Storage Tanks

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