An Experimental Investigation of the Long-Term Stability of Triple-Point-of-Water Cells

Hill, Kathryn

doi:10.1007/s10765-014-1629-x

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It was first reported during the CCT-K7 key comparison for several borosilicate transfer cells from participating NMIs (e.g. see figures 20 and 21 in [9]) and since then has been confirmed on multiple occasions [16,20,26] albeit often mentioned in passing.…”

Section: Old Borosilicate Triple-point-of-water Cells: Issuesmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Next, the average daily difference from the reference cell 1894Q for each TPW cell was calculated. Note that, previously, cell B2063 was used as a reference cell in 2007 and 2013 [20], and cell Q1049 in 2018 [16]. For consistency, we limited the averaging of daily measurements in 2018 to the data collected within the first 3 weeks after preparation of the mantle (1 week of aging of the mantle and 2 weeks of measurements).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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No country for old borosilicate triple-point-of-water cells

Dedyulin¹,

Peruzzi²

2022

Metrologia

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Temperature calibration labs all around the world typically maintain a set of several triple-point-of-water (TPW) cells for regular measurements using the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). This set often includes more-than- 10-year-old TPW cells made from a borosilicate glass. In this paper we summarize the problems with old borosilicate TPW cells, using the available literature data, the results of CCT.K7-2021 key comparison and NRC TPW measurements, and highlight the solution to these issues: vitreous-silica TPW cells. The latter have an exceptional long-term stability, as we demonstrate by using: a) comparative measurements of the same-age, same-manufacturer vitreous-silica and borosilicate TPW cells at NRC in a period from 2007 to 2021, and b) Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of impurities present in the 18 year-old vitreous-silica outlier, cell Q325. Remarkably, not only all NRC vitreous-silica TPW cells remained stable over a 15-year time period, unlike their borosilicate counterparts, but the amount of impurities in the "coldest" cell Q325 (-31 microK from the intercomparison reference value) is comparable to that in the newly purchased vitreous-silica cells. We argue that the most accurate TPW measurements, such as for defining the national TPW references and for the international key comparisons, should rely exclusively on vitreous-silica TPW cells.

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Section: Old Borosilicate Triple-point-of-water Cells: Issuesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

No country for old borosilicate triple-point-of-water cells

Dedyulin¹,

Peruzzi²

2022

Metrologia

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“…However, the realized temperature of a borosilicate TPW cell may, on average, drift in time with a rate of about 20.013 mK yr -1 due to impurities leaching from the glass envelopes, while the rate of a time drift is small (about 20.002 mK yr 21 ) for a fused-quartz TPW cell (Strouse and Zhao 2007). Hill (2014) also estimated an average rate of time drift of 20.006 mK yr 21 relative to their fused-quart cells. Therefore, the temperature biases of the borosilicate TPW cells of Sea-Bird Electronics before 2011 might be closer to zero than the temperature biases (about 20.13 mK) in 2011, since two of the borosilicate TPW cells (serial numbers 1682 and 1866) used in 2011 were always used in the manufacturer's calibration before 2011 (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Ocean Temperature Measurement with an Uncertainty of 0.7 mK

Uchida

Nakano

Tamba

et al. 2015

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

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The uncertainty of deep ocean temperature (;18C) measurement was evaluated. The time drifts of six deep ocean standards thermometers were examined based on laboratory calibrations as performed by the manufacturer in triple point of water (TPW) cells and gallium-melting-point (GaMP) cells. The time drifts ranged from 20.11 to 0.14 mK yr 21 . Three of the six thermometers were evaluated at the National Metrology Institute of Japan in five TPW cells and a GaMP cell, and the temperature readings agreed with the realized temperature of the national standard cells of Japan within 60.14 and 60.41 mK for TPW and GaMP, respectively. The pressure sensitivities of the deep ocean standards thermometers were estimated by comparison with conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) thermometers in the deep ocean, and no notable difference was detected. Pressure sensitivities of the two CTD thermometers were examined by laboratory tests, and the results suggest that the deep ocean standards thermometers have no pressure sensitivity, at least up to 65 MPa. The position and attitude motion of the CTD system can affect temperature and salinity data quality. The overall expanded uncertainty of the deep ocean temperature measurement (up to 65 MPa) by the CTD thermometer calibrated in reference to the deep ocean standards thermometer is estimated to be 0.7 mK.

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On the long-term stability of the triple-point-of-water cells

et al. 2020

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Slow dissolution of the borosilicate container of triple-point-of-water (TPW) cell is widely recognized as the main cause of long-term drift in observed triple point temperature. We add to the available experimental data a comparison of two large batches of TPW cells (67 cells in total) of various ages (from 1 year to 64 years), manufacturers (NRC, VSL, Fluke, Isotech, etc), and materials (borosilicate glass and fused-silica) which was undertaken in 2018. After measuring the TPW temperatures realized by all 67 cells, 12 borosilicate cells were opened and their water was analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in order to correlate their impurity content with their respective age and their realized TPW temperature. No direct correlation was observed between the TPW cells age/impurity content and their measured triple-point temperature for neither borosilicate cells nor fused silica cells (Pearson’s correlation coefficient rxy is within the range −0.60 ≤ rxy≤ +0.40 for all the pairs considered). For fused-silica cells, the results indicate that after the isotopic variation in the water source is taken into account, the long-term drift due to the dissolution of glass envelope, if any, is negligibly small: (+0.4(±0.6) µK·yr−1 reported herein). Given that all the fused-silica cells realize the TPW temperature within 100 µK of NRC and VSL national reference cells and since the analyzed time period of 15 years is equal to the average lifespan of a TPW cell, we conclude that fused-silica TPW cells are superior to those made from borosilicate glass.

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An Experimental Investigation of the Long-Term Stability of Triple-Point-of-Water Cells

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

No country for old borosilicate triple-point-of-water cells

No country for old borosilicate triple-point-of-water cells

Deep Ocean Temperature Measurement with an Uncertainty of 0.7 mK

On the long-term stability of the triple-point-of-water cells

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