An experimental inquiry regarding the nutritive value of alcohol / by W.O. Atwater and F.G. Benedict.

Atwater, W. O.; Benedict, Fräncis G.; Billings, John S.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.44658

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The calculations used to estimate ME is a point of contention among pet food manufacturers, especially those of high digestibility. For human foods, the Atwater factors of 4, 9, and 4 kcal/g for digestible carbohydrate, fat, and protein, respectively, are commonly used to estimate ME ( Atwater, 1902 ). Those factors were calculated using estimated digestibility coefficients of 96% for fat and carbohydrate and 91% for protein ( Harris, 1966 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To compare against TMEn data, ME estimates were performed according to modified NRC (2006) calculations [using TDF instead of crude fiber (CF) values], Atwater factors ( Atwater, 1902 ), and modified Atwater factors. Modified nitrogen-free extract (NFE) values (using TDF instead of CF values) and ME were calculated using the following equations:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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True nutrient and amino acid digestibility of dog foods made with human-grade ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay1

Oba

Utterback

Parsons

et al. 2019

Translational Animal Science

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For a pet diet to be labeled as human-grade, every ingredient and the finished food must be stored, handled, processed, and transported according to the current good manufacturing practices for human edible foods. Human-grade dog foods are now available and increasing in popularity, but little research has been conducted to test the digestibility of these foods. For this reason, the objective of this experiment was to determine the true nutrient and amino acid (AA) digestibilities of dog foods formulated with human-grade ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Six commercial dog foods were tested, including the Beef & Russet Potato (BRP), Chicken & White Rice (CWR), Fish & Sweet Potato (FSP), Lamb & Brown Rice (LBR), Turkey & Whole Wheat Macaroni (TWM), and Venison & Squash (VSR) formulas provided by Just Food For Dogs LLC (Irvine, CA). Before analysis, all foods were lyophilized and ground. A precision-fed rooster assay using cecectomized roosters was conducted to determine the true nutrient digestibility and standardized AA digestibilities of the foods tested. Conventional roosters were used to determine the nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) of the foods. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. The substrates and rooster excreta were analyzed for macronutrient and AA composition. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). In general, all foods tested were highly digestible. Dry matter digestibility was similar among CWR, LBR, and TWR foods, and greater (P < 0.0001) than that of FSP and VSR foods. Organic matter digestibility was highest (P = 0.0002) for CWR and lowest (P = 0.0002) for VSR. For the majority of indispensable AA, digestibilities were greater than 85%, with some being greater than 90%. TMEn was higher (P < 0.0001) for BRP than the other foods, which were similar to one another. Also, TMEn values were much higher than what would be estimated by using modified Atwater factors and often above the predictive equations for metabolizable energy (ME) recommended by the National Research Council or by using Atwater factors. Although statistical differences were observed among foods, they all performed well and the foods tested had very high AA digestibilities. Additionally, the TMEn data suggest that existing methods and equations for ME prediction underestimate the energy content of the foods tested.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

True nutrient and amino acid digestibility of dog foods made with human-grade ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay1

Oba

Utterback

Parsons

et al. 2019

Translational Animal Science

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show abstract

“…It is important to add an additional commentary on the methodology we use at present with diet (food) analyses. Despite the considerable difficulties, assumptions and techniques available, the classical study of Atwater [ 172 ] remains the “current” basis for our energy intake/expenditure calculations. In 12 decades, science has changed considerably, and precision is one of the critical points for accepting such widely used data.…”

Section: Reserves a Highly Reserved Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Energy Partition: The Central Role of Glucose

Remesar

Alemany

2020

IJMS

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Humans have developed effective survival mechanisms under conditions of nutrient (and energy) scarcity. Nevertheless, today, most humans face a quite different situation: excess of nutrients, especially those high in amino-nitrogen and energy (largely fat). The lack of mechanisms to prevent energy overload and the effective persistence of the mechanisms hoarding key nutrients such as amino acids has resulted in deep disorders of substrate handling. There is too often a massive untreatable accumulation of body fat in the presence of severe metabolic disorders of energy utilization and disposal, which become chronic and go much beyond the most obvious problems: diabetes, circulatory, renal and nervous disorders included loosely within the metabolic syndrome. We lack basic knowledge on diet nutrient dynamics at the tissue-cell metabolism level, and this adds to widely used medical procedures lacking sufficient scientific support, with limited or nil success. In the present longitudinal analysis of the fate of dietary nutrients, we have focused on glucose as an example of a largely unknown entity. Even most studies on hyper-energetic diets or their later consequences tend to ignore the critical role of carbohydrate (and nitrogen disposal) as (probably) the two main factors affecting the substrate partition and metabolism.

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“…Routine ME measurements are not practical or financially feasible [ 7 ]; therefore, generally accepted Atwater equations are used to predict ME values and develop feeding guidelines. These equations assign coefficients for the 3 macronutrients: protein, carbohydrate (measured as N-free extract (NFE)), and fat, and exist as traditional [ 8 ] and modified [ 9 ]: Traditional ME (kcal/kg) = [4 × CP (%) + 4 × NFE (%) + 9 × crude fat (%)] × 10 Modified ME (kcal/kg) = [3.5 × CP (%) + 3.5 × NFE (%) + 8.5 × crude fat (%)] × 10 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestibility Is Similar between Commercial Diets That Provide Ingredients with Different Perceived Glycemic Responses and the Inaccuracy of Using the Modified Atwater Calculation to Calculate Metabolizable Energy

Asaro

Guevara²,

Berendt

et al. 2017

Veterinary Sciences

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Dietary starch is required for a dry, extruded kibble; the most common diet type for domesticated felines in North America. However, the amount and source of dietary starch may affect digestibility and metabolism of other macronutrients. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of 3 commercial cat diets on in vivo and in vitro energy and macronutrient digestibility, and to analyze the accuracy of the modified Atwater equation. Dietary treatments differed in their perceived glycemic response (PGR) based on ingredient composition and carbohydrate content (34.1, 29.5, and 23.6% nitrogen-free extract for High, Medium, and LowPGR, respectively). A replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design was used, with 3 diets and 3 periods. In vivo apparent protein, fat, and organic matter digestibility differed among diets, while apparent dry matter digestibility did not. Cats were able to efficiently digest and absorb macronutrients from all diets. Furthermore, the modified Atwater equation underestimated measured metabolizable energy by approximately 12%. Thus, the modified Atwater equation does not accurately determine the metabolizable energy of high quality feline diets. Further research should focus on understanding carbohydrate metabolism in cats, and establishing an equation that accurately predicts the metabolizable energy of feline diets.

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An experimental inquiry regarding the nutritive value of alcohol / by W.O. Atwater and F.G. Benedict.

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

True nutrient and amino acid digestibility of dog foods made with human-grade ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay1

True nutrient and amino acid digestibility of dog foods made with human-grade ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay1

Dietary Energy Partition: The Central Role of Glucose

Digestibility Is Similar between Commercial Diets That Provide Ingredients with Different Perceived Glycemic Responses and the Inaccuracy of Using the Modified Atwater Calculation to Calculate Metabolizable Energy

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