“…The focus on the cognitive (and not the emotionality) aspects of test anxiety was driven by Hembree's (1988) meta-analysis and relevant research, demonstrating that the cognitive dimension (i.e., "worry") was the component of test anxiety that had the greatest negative impact on performance. The CTAS has been validated and used as a selfreport instrument in various settings, including the United States (e.g., Bourne, Arend, Johnson, Daher, & Martin, 2006;Cassady, 2004aCassady, , 2004bRamirez & Beilock, 2011), Great Britain (Kapetanaki, 2010;Putwain & Daniels, 2010), and Greece (Tsianos, Lekkas, Germanakos, Mourlas, & Samaras, 2009). Translation of the scale into Chinese (Chen, 2007;Zheng, 2010), Arabic for use in Kuwait (Cassady, Mohammed, & Mathieu, 2004), and Spanish for native Argentinians (Furlan, Cassady, & Perez, 2009) demonstrated that the scale was also valid across cultural contexts and useful for examining cross-cultural patterns of test anxiety.…”