An experimental and theoretical study of an efficient polymer nano-photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution

Pati, Palas Baran; Damas, Giane B.; Tian, Lei; Fernandes, Daniel L. A.; Zhang, Lei; Pehlivan, İlknur Bayrak; Edvinsson, Tomas; Araújo, C. Moysés; Tian, Haining

doi:10.1039/c7ee00751e

Cited by 201 publications

(262 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…[29] The solubility of some alkylated conjugated polymers has also facilitated the preparation of polymer nanoparticles (PDots). [30,31] The preparation of these PDots enabled significant enhancements in rate over the pristine polymer although scalability and long-term stability of this approach has yet to be shown. Direct photocatalytic water splitting is an attractive strategy for clean energy production, but multicomponent nanostructured systems that mimic natural photosynthesis can be difficult to fabricate because of the insolubility of most photocatalysts.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201700479mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Solution‐Processable Polymer Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution from Water

Woods

Sprick

Smith

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

142

125

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exhibit photocatalytic hydrogen evolution in 2009, [12] and many advances have been made since then. [13,14] After the potential of g-C 3 N 4 was first observed, while focusing on the hydrogen evolution half-reaction, interest has begun to shift to achieving overall water splitting using these materials. [15,16] However, the exact structure of most g-C 3 N 4 materials is unknown and the synthesis usually involves high temperature processing, which offers limited scope for fine-tuning structure and properties. Also, while g-C 3 N 4 can be produced from inexpensive starting materials, the synthetic yield of the material is typically low. [15,17] Of special relevance here, graphitic carbon nitrides are insoluble solids: as for many inorganic catalysts, this can present challenges in terms of processing.Rather few organic photocatalysts have been studied for hydrogen evolution other than g-C 3 N 4 . Recently, nitrogencontaining poly(azomethine) networks and covalent triazinebased frameworks (CTFs) were shown to have photocatalytic activity with the addition of platinum cocatalysts. [18,19] We have shown that a series of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) could facilitate hydrogen evolution from water in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, without any additional heavy metal cocatalyst. [20,21] Other CMPs have since been studied for photocatalysis [22,23] and recent studies have demonstrated that linear conjugated polymers can have high photocatalytic activities. [24,25] However, as with g-C 3 N 4 , none of these organic materials are soluble in common organic solvents. This insolu bility makes it more challenging to process these materials into functional composites. Moreover, photocatalysts are typically kept in suspension by stirring to prevent sedimentation, which results in loss of photocatalytic activity. [26] The loss of activity of insoluble catalysts can be prevented with the use of support substrates, [27] however, using solution processability allows the use of simpler supports and easier development of photoelectrodes.Soluble oligo(phenylene)s have been previously reported as photocatalysts, however, they displayed low activity, were only active under UV light, required a Ru cocatalyst and were only poorly soluble in organic solvents limiting processability. [28] More recently soluble metal-chelating polymers have been prepared although the photocatalytic activity of these polymers also appear to be very low with apparent quantum yields (AQY) below 3 × 10 −4 %. [29] The solubility of some alkylated conjugated polymers has also facilitated the preparation of polymer nanoparticles (PDots). [30,31] The preparation of these PDots enabled significant enhancements in rate over the pristine polymer although scalability and long-term stability of this approach has yet to be shown. Direct photocatalytic water splitting is an attractive strategy for clean energy production, but multicomponent nanostructured systems that mimic natural photosynthesis can be difficult to fabricate because of the insolubil...

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Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201700479mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Solution‐Processable Polymer Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution from Water

Woods

Sprick

Smith

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

142

125

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“…PFBT Pdots showed a high HER of 8.3 mmol h −1 g −1 , a significant improvement over pristine polymers without using any noble metal cocatalysts. Subsequently, they prepared PFODTBT Pdots and tested their photocatalytic activity, and they showed an impressive HER of 50.0 mmol h −1 g −1 (see Figure and Table ), which is six times higher than that of the previously reported PFBT Pdots . However, these Pdots appeared to be stable for a maximum of 4 h with high roll‐off efficiency.…”

Section: Conjugated Polymer Dots (Pdots)mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Subsequently, they prepared PFODTBT Pdots and tested their photocatalytic activity, and they showed an impressive HER of 50.0 mmol h À 1 g À 1 (see Figure 9 and Table 4), which is six times higher than that of the previously reported PFBT Pdots. [91] However, these Pdots appeared to be stable for a maximum of 4 h with high roll-off efficiency. Surprisingly, the same groups reported hollow structured Pdots prepared using conjugated polymer PFODTBT and 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HTPS) as the copolymer instead of PSÀ PEGÀ COOH for hydrogen evolution.…”

Section: General Synthesis Of Pdotsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Recent Advances in Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution from Water using Polymer Photocatalysts

2020

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Efficient polymer photocatalysts that mimic natural photosynthesis to generate H 2 through the visible-light-promoted splitting of water are ideal systems for the conversion of solar energy into usable fuel with high energy density and in an environmentally friendly manner. In this article, we review recent reports on donor-acceptor-based π-conjugated polymers as photocatalysts, including conjugated linear polymers, microporous polymers, triazine frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, polymer dots, and other related organic polymers, which show superior photocatalytic activity and robust stability under visible-light irradiation, for hydrogen production. Moreover, their syntheses and material design strategies, photophysical properties, proposed mechanisms, and applications are systematically summarized. Finally, recent research on and challenges related to organic polymer photocatalysts are discussed. This minireview will help readers to more easily understand the recent advances in and future direction of this field.

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“…It suggests that the BT unit has crucial role in proton reduction reaction [48]. The theoretical study suggests that proton adsorption is facilitated due to the presence of N sites in the electron withdrawing BT unit which in fact enhances the photocatalytic activity.…”

Section: Polymer Dots (Pdots)mentioning

confidence: 97%

Visible Light–Driven Hydrogen Production by Carbon based Polymeric Materials

Pati¹,

In²,

Tian³

2018

Visible-Light Photocatalysis of Carbon-Based Materials

Self Cite

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Converting solar energy into storable solar fuels such as H 2 from earth abundant sourcewater-is a nice approach to find the solution of energy crisis and environmental protection. There are two half reactions; first, water oxidation into oxygen and proton and followed by proton reduction led to H 2 evolution from water. After two decades of continuous attempts, there have been several efficient water oxidation photocatalysts introduced, whereas the proton reduction photocatalyst were relatively less explored. Major portion of reported photocatalysts for proton reduction are mainly derived from either noble metals or precious metals. Carbon-based organic photocatalysts have become attractive recently. These organic materials have several advantages like light weight, cheap, well-defined structure-property relationship and the most attractive one is better batch to batch reproducibility. Here, the reported organic photocatalysts and their performance are summarized which in fact help others to get an idea about ongoing progress in this area of research and to understand the basic designing principle for efficient photocatalysts for fuel production.

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An experimental and theoretical study of an efficient polymer nano-photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution

Abstract: An organic polymer nano-photocatalyst has been developed for highly efficient light driven proton reduction.

Cited by 201 publications

References 38 publications

A Solution‐Processable Polymer Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution from Water

A Solution‐Processable Polymer Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution from Water

Recent Advances in Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution from Water using Polymer Photocatalysts

Visible Light–Driven Hydrogen Production by Carbon based Polymeric Materials

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