An experimental and theoretical study of the D-region—II. A semi-empirical model for mid-latitude D-region

Rowe, J.N; Mitra, Abhijit; Ferraro, Anthony J.; Lee, H.S

doi:10.1016/0021-9169(74)90023-3

Cited by 78 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In our calculations the value of γ comes out to be 2.4 × 10 −2 at 75 km to 6.6 × 10 −3 at 84 km, which is reasonable. Previous studies (Lehtinen and Inan, 2007;Rowe et al, 1974) predict that the effective coefficient of dissociative recombination α d may have values from 10 −7 to 3 × 10 −7 cm −3 s −1 . We have used 3 × 10 −7 cm −3 s −1 for α d .…”

Section: The Gpi Modelmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Here the value of 10 −5 cm −3 s −1 is adopted as suggested by Glukhov et al (1992). The value of the effective coefficient of ion-ion recombination processes for all types of positive ions with negative ions is taken to be 10 −7 cm −3 s −1 (Mitra, 1968;Rowe et al, 1974). B is the effective rate of conversion from the positive ion (N + ) to the positive cluster ions (N + x ) and has the value 10 −30 N 2 s −1 (Rowe et al, 1974;Mitra, 1968), in agreement with Glukhov et al (1992).…”

Section: The Gpi Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present paper, we apply the GEANT4 simulation (applicable to any high energy radiation detector) only to understand the changes in the D-region electron density (N e ) during flares as the ion-chemistry leaves negligible impression on VLF propagation characteristics. For that reason knowledge of only the dominant chemical processes in the D-region ionosphere would be enough to study the modulation due to events like solar flares (Rowe et al, 1974;Mitra, 1981;Chamberlain, 1987). One such simplified model, namely, the Glukhov-Pasko-Inan (GPI) model (Glukhov et al, 1992) can be applied for the events which cause excess ionization in the D-region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of very low frequency (VLF) radio wave signal profile due to solar flares using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation coupled with ionospheric chemistry

et al. 2013

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Abstract. X-ray photons emitted during solar flares cause ionization in the lower ionosphere (~60 to 100 km) in excess of what is expected to occur due to a quiet sun. Very low frequency (VLF) radio wave signals reflected from the D-region of the ionosphere are affected by this excess ionization. In this paper, we reproduce the deviation in VLF signal strength during solar flares by numerical modeling. We use GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation code to compute the rate of ionization due to a M-class flare and a X-class flare. The output of the simulation is then used in a simplified ionospheric chemistry model to calculate the time variation of electron density at different altitudes in the D-region of the ionosphere. The resulting electron density variation profile is then self-consistently used in the LWPC code to obtain the time variation of the change in VLF signal. We did the modeling of the VLF signal along the NWC (Australia) to IERC/ICSP (India) propagation path and compared the results with observations. The agreement is found to be very satisfactory.

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Section: The Gpi Modelmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Gpi Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of very low frequency (VLF) radio wave signal profile due to solar flares using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation coupled with ionospheric chemistry

et al. 2013

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“…has been reported [21], which would give a half-life of the electrons of a few microseconds in the preheating zone around 400 K. However, at C/O = 0.60 the concentration of 0; near the burner was unmeasurably small. Instead, a large variety of oxygenated hydrocarbon ions (acid anions) was detected.…”

Section: Discussion 41 Formation and Reactions Of Carbonic Acid Animentioning

confidence: 94%

Ions and Charged Soot Particles in Hydrocarbon Flames III. Negative Ions in Fuel‐rich Acetylene/Oxygen Flames

Gerhardt

Homann

1990

Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem

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Elementary Reactions f Flames f Ionization / Mass Spectrometry 1 ThermodynamicsNegative ions up to masses z 3. lo3 u in fuel-rich and sooting premixed low-pressure acetylene/oxygen flames have been analyzed by means of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This work deals with the quantitative analysis of ions up to masses of 200 u, but the larger polyhedral carbon ions, which were negative charge carriers in the soot forming zone, are not considered here. Concentration profiles of ca. 50 different ions and the dependence of maximum ion concentrations on the C/O ratio are reported. -Ions in the preheating zone were anions of carbonic acids and diacids which contained 0x0, keto and peroxy groups. With increasing height in the flame these anions decomposed by decarboxylation and dissociative electron detachment. At higher temperature in the oxidation zone, polyynides (C2,,H-), linear polycarbon ions and higher ketenides (C,HO-) prevailed. The polyynides were in chemical equilibrium with acetylene and higher neutral polyynes. Enthalpies of formation (referenced to that of QH-, 274 k.T/mol) were determined for C4H-(414), C a H -(603), CsH-(810) and CioH-(1025 kJ/mol). Possible reaction mechanisms for the formation of the acid anions and the ketenides are discussed. Negative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ions were completely missing in acetylene flames, in contrast to their occurrence in benzene flames.

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“…A description of this system and results obtained were described by Ferraro and Lee (1968), and additional D-region measurements using the Penn State University system were reported by Lee and Ferraro (1969), Rowe et al (1970), Cole et al (1969), Hagenbuch (1973), and Rowe et al (1974); also Lee et al (1977) presented a detailed intercomparison between the wave interaction and partial reflection methods of measuring electron density.…”

Section: Outline Ofcross Modulation Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio Techniques for Probing the Terrestrial Ionosphere

Hunsucker¹

1991

Physics and Chemistry in Space

100

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An experimental and theoretical study of the D-region—II. A semi-empirical model for mid-latitude D-region

Cited by 78 publications

References 37 publications

Modeling of very low frequency (VLF) radio wave signal profile due to solar flares using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation coupled with ionospheric chemistry

Modeling of very low frequency (VLF) radio wave signal profile due to solar flares using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation coupled with ionospheric chemistry

Ions and Charged Soot Particles in Hydrocarbon Flames III. Negative Ions in Fuel‐rich Acetylene/Oxygen Flames

Radio Techniques for Probing the Terrestrial Ionosphere

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