“…When compared to the proposed conventional methods in section 4 , electrochemical investigations offer important advantages such as ease of design, low cost equipment, high sensitivity and selectivity, accuracy, fewer power requirements, and ease of integration inside microfluidic devices ( Unlüer et al, 2020 ; Cioates, 2020 ). Biosensors and/or electrochemical sensors are widely used in pharmaceutical, environmental, and agricultural studies ( Ganesh et al, 2022a ; Ganesh and Kim, 2022b ; Rajaji et al, 2021 , 2022 ; Kundu et al, 2019 ). Electrochemical transducers are now used in the majority of biosensors because they are simple to create, user friendly, measurement is unaffected by interferences, and need modest reaction volumes.…”