An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Glued Laminated Beams Strengthened by Pre-Stressed Basalt Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Bars

Wdowiak-Postulak, Agnieszka; Bahleda, František; Prokop, Jozef

doi:10.3390/ma16072776

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…However, for steel bars, this load capacity increased by 59.74% and stiffness by 31.08%. The degree of reinforcement was defined as the percentage increase in strength of reinforced beams relative to unmodified reference beams (Table 2) [28,41]. Determined as the cross-sectional area without reinforcement in relation to the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement.…”

Section: Load-deflectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of plant fibres (e.g., flax) have shown that, as a single fibre, they have comparable specific mechanical properties (e.g., specific tensile strength and stiffness) compared to man-made glass fibres [8]. However, this is misleading, as the length of natural fibres is limited when a carbon or glass fibre can be manufactured to have infinite length [26][27][28]. Fibre-reinforced wood composites have found wide application in many industrial fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fibre-Reinforced Polymers and Steel for the Reinforcement of Wooden Elements—Experimental and Numerical Analysis

et al. 2023

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These elements are innovative and of interest to many researchers for the reinforcement of wooden elements. For the reinforced beam elements, the effect of the reinforcement factor, FRP and steel elastic modulus or FRP and steel arrangement of the reinforcement on the performance of the flexural elements was determined, followed by reading the load-displacement diagram of the reinforced beam elements. The finite element model was then developed and verified with the experimental results, which was mainly related to the fact that the general theory took into account the typical tensile failure mode, which can be used to predict the flexural strength of reinforced timber beams. From the tests, it was determined that reinforced timber beam elements had relatively ductile flexural strengths up to brittle tension for unreinforced elements. As for the reinforcements of FRP, the highest increase in load-bearing capacity was for carbon mats at 52.47%, with a reinforcement grade of 0.43%, while the lowest was for glass mats at 16.62% with a reinforcement grade of 0.22%. Basalt bars achieved the highest stiffness, followed by glass mats. Taking into account all the reinforcements used, the highest stiffness was demonstrated by the tests of the effectiveness of the reinforcement using 3 mm thick steel plates. For this configuration with a reinforcement percentage of 10%, this increase in load capacity was 79.48% and stiffness was 31.08%. The difference between the experimental and numerical results was within 3.62–27.36%, respectively.

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Section: Load-deflectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibre-Reinforced Polymers and Steel for the Reinforcement of Wooden Elements—Experimental and Numerical Analysis

et al. 2023

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“…The same approach was used in papers [8,60] based on the test results presented in [61]. This approach was also used for glued laminated timber and solid beams in papers [62,63]. The LVL laboratory tests presented by van Beerschoten [64] demonstrated that in LVL, with all veneers glued lengthwise, tangential stiffness was only slightly higher than radial stiffness.…”

Section: The Numerical Models Of the Lvl Panelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free Vibrations of Sustainable Laminated Veneer Lumber Slabs

Abramowicz,

Chybiński,

Polus

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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In this paper, the results of dynamic laboratory tests of four laminated veneer lumber (LVL) slabs of different thicknesses, widths, and types were presented. In three of the tested slabs, LVL with all veneers glued lengthwise was used (LVL R). In one LVL slab, a fifth of the veneers were glued crosswise (LVL X). Laminated veneer lumber slabs are engineering wood products with several important performance characteristics, making them a sustainable and preferred solution in civil engineering. To ensure the safe operation of a building with LVL structural elements, it is important to know their dynamic properties. The basic dynamic characteristics of the slabs obtained from experimental tests made it possible to validate the numerical models of the slabs. The slab models were developed in the Abaqus program using the finite element method. The elastic and shear moduli of laminated veneer lumber used in the four slabs were identified through an optimization process in which the error between the analyzed frequencies from the laboratory tests and the numerical analyses was minimized. In the case of slabs that possess the same thickness and are composed of different LVL types, the elastic modulus of LVL R in the longitudinal direction was 1.16 times higher than the elastic modulus of LVL X in the same direction. However, the elastic moduli of LVL R in tangential and radial directions were lower than the elastic moduli of LVL X in the same directions. The above was the result of the fact that the 45 mm LVL X slab had 3 out of 15 veneers glued crosswise. In the case of slabs possessing different thicknesses but the same width and type, the elastic modulus of the thicker panel was 1.13 times higher than that of the thinner panel. After validating the models, the numerical analyses yielded results consistent with the experimental results. The numerical models of the LVL slabs will be used to develop numerical models of composite floors with LVL panels in future research. Such models will allow for the analysis of floor dynamic characteristics and user-generated vibrations, which is required when verifying the serviceability limit state.

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“…Unfortunately, a limitation of GFRP is its elastic modulus, which is significantly lower than that of structural steel, leading to an increased deformation of GFRP-reinforced components [11,12]. Much research has also been carried out using CFRP, BFRP, GFRP or steel fibers in various forms, including in tapes, mats and rods or in various other forms and characteristics of FRP, such as in construction, structures, reinforcing solid wood beams, wedge-jointed solid beams, laminated veneer lumber (LVL), cross-laminated timber (CLT) and glued laminated timber (GLT) beams-see [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modern solutions also include engineered products such as glulam, formed from layers of graded structural lumber [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The advantages of these products include the use of shorter pieces of timber to form full-length laths using structural adhesives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Composite Bars in Wooden, Full-Scale, Innovative Engineering Products—Experimental and Numerical Study

Wdowiak-Postulak,

Świt,

Dziedzic-Jagocka

2024

Materials

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The commercialization of modular timber products as cost-effective and lightweight components has resulted in innovative engineering products, e.g., glued laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber, I-beams, cross-laminated timber and solid timber joined with wedge joints. With the passage of time, timber structures can deteriorate, or new structural elements are required to increase the stiffness or load-bearing capacity in newly built structures, e.g., lintels over large-scale glazing or garages, or to reduce cross-sectional dimensions or save costly timber material while still achieving low weight. It is in such cases that repair or correct reinforcement is required. In this experimental and numerical study, the static performance of flexural timber beams reinforced with prestressed basalt BFRP, glass GFRP and hybrid glass–basalt fiber bars is shown. The experimental tests resulted in an increase in the load-carrying capacity of BFRP (44%), GFRP (33%) and hybrid bars (43%) and an increase in the stiffness of BFRP (28%), GFRP (24%) and hybrid bars (25%). In addition to this, glued laminated timber beams reinforced with prestressed basalt rods subjected to biological degradation, 7 years of weathering and prolonged exposure to various environmental conditions were examined, and an increase in the load-bearing capacity of 27% and an increase in stiffness of 28% were obtained. In addition, full-size laminated timber beams reinforced with prestressed basalt bars were investigated in the field as an exploratory test under fire conditions at elevated temperatures, and the effect of the physical–mechanical properties during the fire was examined via an analysis of these properties after the fire. In addition, a satisfactory correlation of the numerical simulations with the experimental studies was obtained. The differences were between 1.1% and 5.5%. The concordance was due to the fact that, in this study, the Young, Poisson and shear moduli were determined for all quality classes of sawn timber. Only a significant difference resulted in the numerical analysis for the beams exposed to fire under fire conditions. The experimental, theoretical and numerical analyses in this research were exploratory and will be expanded as directions for future research.

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An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Glued Laminated Beams Strengthened by Pre-Stressed Basalt Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Bars

Cited by 5 publications

References 43 publications

Fibre-Reinforced Polymers and Steel for the Reinforcement of Wooden Elements—Experimental and Numerical Analysis

Fibre-Reinforced Polymers and Steel for the Reinforcement of Wooden Elements—Experimental and Numerical Analysis

Free Vibrations of Sustainable Laminated Veneer Lumber Slabs

Application of Composite Bars in Wooden, Full-Scale, Innovative Engineering Products—Experimental and Numerical Study

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