An experimental analysis of the development of the spinal column. V. Reactivity of chick somites

Avery, Gordon B.; Chow, Margaret; Holtzer, H.

doi:10.1002/jez.1401320303

Cited by 81 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…What is defective in the younger cells? As "determination" of the cartilage in terms of classic embryology occurs at arround the st. 20, a far earlier stage than that of the present experimental material (AVERY et al, 1956), the present results cannot be discussed in relation with the embryonic inductive interaction. Actually the present results show that differentiative traits as the cartilage are expressed with a high percentage in thus obtained colonies from earlier cells.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Changes in the Capacity for Clonal Growth and Differentiation in Vitro of the Vertebral Cartilage Cells With Embryonic Development Ii. Vitalizing Effect of Conditioned Medium on the Cells of Younger Embryos

Watanabe

1971

Dev Growth Differ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Most of the younger cartilage cells taken from chick embryos at the stage 35 were known to regress after the initial cell multiplication in in vitro clonal culture. A partial supplementation of conditioned medium (CM) to the standard medium was effective to permit colony formation from many of these younger cells. Most colonies thus derived from the younger cells by the aid of CM expressed differentiative traits as cartilage, as the cells from older embryos did. CM exerted multiple effects on clonal development of the younger cells. It vitalized the cells destined to regress, to promote cell multiplication and to flatten the shape of the colony. The experimental results suggested that these effects were associated with an independent factor each.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Changes in the Capacity for Clonal Growth and Differentiation in Vitro of the Vertebral Cartilage Cells With Embryonic Development Ii. Vitalizing Effect of Conditioned Medium on the Cells of Younger Embryos

Watanabe

1971

Dev Growth Differ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The various cell fates within the somite are plastic and appear to depend on signals from surrounding tissues. In particular, dorsally generated derivatives such as muscle require signals from either the dorsal neural tube or surface ectoderm (Avery et al 1956;Vivarelli and Cossu 1986;Kenny-Mobbs and Thorogood 1987;Rong et al 1992;Buffinger and Stockdale 1994;Fan and Tessier-Lavigne 1994;Buffinger and Stockdale 1995;Cossu et al 1995;Gamel et al 1995;Mü nsterberg et al 1995;Spence et al 1996;Dietrich et al 1997), whereas the ventrally situated sclerotome is generated in response to a common signal from the floor plate and notochord (Holtzer and Detwiler 1953;Watterson et al 1954;Grobstein and Holtzer 1955;Hall 1977;Brand-Saberi et al 1993;Dietrich et al 1993Dietrich et al , 1997Goulding et al 1993;Koseki et al 1993;Pourquié et al 1993;Ebensperger et al 1995). The dorsal and ventral signals appear to be antagonistic: embryos genetically or surgically manipulated to lack both floor plate and notochord show a ventral expansion of the domain of dermomyotomal gene expression and a subsequent absence of sclerotome and vertebrae (Watterson et al 1954;Dietrich et al 1993Dietrich et al , 1997Goulding et al 1993;Monsoro-Burq et al 1994;Ebensperger et al 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the course of vertebral development, expression of the early sclerotome marker and Shh target gene Pax-1 is lost in sclerotomal cells that move dorsally to give rise to the neural arches and is eventually shut off in all differentiating chondrocytes (Deutsch et al 1988;Ebensperger et al 1995;Peters et al 1995), suggesting that Shh signals may be received only transiently by these cells. Furthermore, whereas psm and somites isolated from young chick embryos will not differentiate into chondrocytes in the absence of cocultured ventral midline tissues, these paraxial mesodermal tissues isolated from progressively older chick embryos display an increasing capacity to form cartilage when cultured in the absence of notochord and floor plate (Watterson et al 1954;Avery et al 1956;Ellison et al 1969). Taken together, these studies suggest that there are at least two distinct phases in the formation of vertebral cartilage: Shh-dependent formation of sclerotome, and the subsequent differentiation of this tissue into chondrocytes, which can occur in the absence of maintained Shh signals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonic hedgehog promotes somitic chondrogenesis by altering the cellular response to BMP signaling

Murtaugh

Chyung

Lassar

1999

Genes & Development

279

235

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous work has indicated that signals from the floor plate and notochord promote chondrogenesis of the somitic mesoderm. These tissues, acting through the secreted signaling molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh), appear to be critical for the formation of the sclerotome. Later steps in the differentiation of sclerotome into cartilage may be independent of the influence of these axial tissues. Although the signals involved in these later steps have not yet been pinpointed, there is substantial evidence that the analogous stages of limb bud chondrogenesis require bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. We show here that presomitic mesoderm (psm) cultured in the presence of Shh will differentiate into cartilage, and that the later stages of this differentiation process specifically depend on BMP signaling. We find that Shh not only acts in collaboration with BMPs to induce cartilage, but that it changes the competence of target cells to respond to BMPs. In the absence of Shh, BMP administration induces lateral plate gene expression in cultured psm. After exposure to Shh, BMP signaling no longer induces expression of lateral plate markers but now induces robust chondrogenesis in cultured psm. Shh signals are required only transiently for somitic chondrogenesis in vitro, and act to provide a window of competence during which time BMP signals can induce chondrogenic differentiation. Our findings suggest that chondrogenesis of somitic tissues can be divided into two separate phases: Shh-mediated generation of precursor cells, which are competent to initiate chondrogenesis in response to BMP signaling, and later exposure to BMPs, which act to trigger chondrogenic differentiation.

show abstract

“…In contrast to the observations described above, several studies (35)(36)(37)(38)(39) have indicated that nerve tissue exerts a "trophic" influence on the initial differentiation of myogenic cells. In chorioallantoic grafting experiments, Avery et al (35) found that spinal cord tissue exerts a profound influence on the initial differentiation of myogenic cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…In chorioallantoic grafting experiments, Avery et al (35) found that spinal cord tissue exerts a profound influence on the initial differentiation of myogenic cells. The presence of spinal cord also accelerates the growth and differentiation of myogenic cells in culture (36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of in vitro myogenesis on a trophic protein present in chicken embryo extract.

Oh¹,

Markelonis²

1980

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A trophic protein (sciatin) purified from sciatic nerves has been shown to enhance the morphological develop ment and to promote the maintenance of sletal muscle cells in vitro Proc. NatL Acad.Sci. USA 76,2470-24741. We have elicited a specific antiserum against purified sciatin in rabbits. By using this antiserum, we have examined whether sciatin is also required for the initial differentiation of avian myogenic cells in vitro. Sciatin was found to be a component of chicken embryo extract, a constituent of culture medium required for myogenesis in vitro, by an immunodiffusion assay and by NaDodSO4 gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates. The removal of sciatin from chicken embryo extracts by immunoprecipitation with antiserum against sciatin completely inhibited myogenesis. When myogenic cells were grown in culture medium from which sciatin had been removed, the cells failed to differentiate beyond the myoblast stage. However, when sciatin (25 pg/ml) was added to the sciatin-absorbed culture medium, normal myogenesis ensued. Furthermore, myogenic cells underwent normal myogenesis in the absence of embryo extract if sciatin (25 ,g/ml) was added to the culture medium. These results demonstrate that sciatin is the component of chicken embryo extract required for myogenesis and that the protein influences the initial differentiation of myogenic cells in vitro. Innervation exerts a "trophic" influence on the morphologic, physiologic, and metabolic properties of skeletal muscle (for reviews, see refs. 1 and 2). To explain the mechanism by which the motor nerve conveys trophic influence to muscle, it has been postulated that such trophic influence is mediated in part by a trophic substance(s) released by the nerve (1-3).The best evidence for the trophic influence of a neurally derived substance has been obtained from in vitro experiments (4-11). By using embryonic muscle culture, Oh (12, 13) demonstrated that extracts of central and peripheral nervous tissue enhanced the morphological development of aneural muscle cells, increased protein synthesis and acetylcholinesterase activity, and maintained matured, cross-striated muscle fibers for several months in the absence of innervation. In the absence of the extracts or innervation, cultured muscle fibers atrophied and degenerated rapidly. The active agent in peripheral nervous tissue was characterized as a protein of rather high molecular weight (13) and was partially purified (14-16).We have purified a biologically active protein from adult chicken sciatic nerves that duplicates many of the trophic effects of innervation on cultured muscle (17). In preliminary publications*t we have referred to this trophic protein as "neurotrophic factor" or NTF. We have now formally adopted the name sciatin in order to avoid confusion with the neuronotrophic factors described by workers in other laboratories.The term sciatin is intended to designate the trophic protein that was isolated and purified from the sciatic nerve. Sciatin is acidic, migrates with a molecular weig...

show abstract

An experimental analysis of the development of the spinal column. V. Reactivity of chick somites

Cited by 81 publications

References 27 publications

Changes in the Capacity for Clonal Growth and Differentiation in Vitro of the Vertebral Cartilage Cells With Embryonic Development Ii. Vitalizing Effect of Conditioned Medium on the Cells of Younger Embryos

Changes in the Capacity for Clonal Growth and Differentiation in Vitro of the Vertebral Cartilage Cells With Embryonic Development Ii. Vitalizing Effect of Conditioned Medium on the Cells of Younger Embryos

Sonic hedgehog promotes somitic chondrogenesis by altering the cellular response to BMP signaling

Dependence of in vitro myogenesis on a trophic protein present in chicken embryo extract.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About