“…Equally, a multitude of solutions has been proposed to help novice programmers. The solutions include using technological interventions for learning programming (Blikstein, 2011;Fowler, & Cusack, 2011;Hou & Austin, 2007;Langton, Hickey, & Alterman, 2004;Lee & Ko, 2011;Murphy, Kaiser, Loveland, & Hasan, 2009;Nevalainen & Sajaniemi, 2008;Villalobos, Calderón, & Jiménez, 2009), re-structuring the pedagogical design of introductory programming courses (deBry, 2011;Ford & Venema, 2010;Moskal, Lurie, & Cooper, 2004), and identifying the predictors of success in introductory programming courses (de Raadt et al, 2005;Rountree, Rountree, & Robins, 2002).…”