An Expanded Interpretive Structural Modeling Analysis of the Barriers to Integrated Flood Risk Management Adaptation in Metro Manila

Abstract

The implementation of integrated flood risk management (IFRM) is still in its infancy in both developed and developing countries, yet some countries have already encountered barriers to IFRM adaptation. The interrelationships between these barriers need to be determined and analyzed systematically, as such an analysis is the groundwork for decision-making when devising solutions to overcome the barriers. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) is a popular and systematic method for analyzing the interrelationship between variables in broad study areas. This study applies the proposed expanded ISM (Ex-ISM) approach to comprehensively analyze the interrelationships between the barriers to IFRM in Metro Manila. Ex-ISM enhances conventional ISM in that the symbolism is modified to explicitly show the contextual interrelationships, the step for hierarchy assignment is simplified, and the diagram shows all of the interrelationships that allow a comprehensive analysis. The results obtained using the Ex-ISM method do not deviate from those yielded by the conventional ISM method, but the Ex-ISM method allows an easy assignment of hierarchy, and it shows not only the direct but also the indirect interrelationships to provide a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between the barriers.

Urban Flood Runoff Modeling in Japan: Recent Developments and Future Prospects

“…As there are very different kinds of urban floods worldwide, they require different protection measures [134]. The implementation of integrated flood risk management (IFRM) is also adopted in both developed and developing countries, yet some countries have encountered barriers to IFRM adaptation [135]. In Japan, a new policy called 'River Basin Disaster Resilience and Sustainability by All' was recently introduced in response to climate change risks and social changes [136].…”

Urban Water-Related Problems

“…In the paper "An Expanded Interpretive Structural Modeling Analysis of the Barriers to Integrated Flood Risk Management Adaptation in Metro Manila" [12], the authors proposed an expanded ISM (Ex-ISM) method to comprehensively analyze the interrelationships between the barriers to integrated flood risk management (IFRM) adaptation in Metro Manila, Philippines. The Ex-ISM enhanced conventional ISM in that the symbolism was modified to explicitly show the contextual interrelationships; then, the hierarchy assignment step was simplified, and a diagram was used to show all of the inter-relationships that allowed a comprehensive analysis.…”

“…On the other hand, among nine research articles, five articles are related to water quality problems, of which two articles investigate groundwater pollution in Japan and Sweden [5,6], one article deals with lake contamination by phosphorus in Sweden [7], another targets lakes or reservoirs from the perspective of the hydrodynamic response by wind [8], and the last one considers the water pollution problem for a riverbank area in Bangladesh [9]. Three research articles out of the nine are related to problems of urban flood phenomena, in which studies on urban flooding area characteristics in Japan [10], water level forecasting caused by urban floods in Japan [11], and barriers to IFRM (Integrated Flood Risk Management) adaptation in the Philippines [12] are carried out. The last article is related to water resource problems, investigating the urban domestic water supply system from the viewpoint of willingness to pay [13].…”