“…In general, existing research could be divided into two approaches: a resident approach and a tourist approach. In the resident approach, studies explore emotional solidarity from two perspectives: residents toward tourists (e.g., Chua et al 2021; Lai, Pinto, and Pintassilgo 2020; Suess et al 2020; Woosnam and Norman 2010) and residents toward residents (e.g., Maruyama, Ribeiro, and Woosnam 2020), while in the tourist approach, there are also two perspectives: tourists toward residents (e.g., Patwardhan et al 2020; Tasci et al 2021; Woosnam and Aleshinloye 2013) and tourists toward tourists (e.g., Joo and Woosnam 2020). Although there are differences in approach and perspective, the definition and measurement of the four types of “emotional solidarity” in the tourism context are not essentially different, but some necessary modifications have been made according to the difference between approach and perspective.…”