An examination of the developing cotton fiber: Wall and plasmalemma

Willison, J. H. M.; Brown, R. Malcolm

doi:10.1007/bf01280198

Cited by 68 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The striations were observed more frequently and always paralleled the directions of helical secondary wall microfibril deposition and even shifted direction at the "reversals" in microfibril helix direction that are characteristic of cotton fibers (data not shown). The relatively wide striations in our differential interference contrast and fluorescent images (0.18-0.36 ,um) could correlate with similarly sized and oriented microfibril bundles observed in fiber secondary walls (43). Synthesis of microfibril bundles would require enrichment of the relevant enzymes along the bundle, which could explain the striated alignment of SuSy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 53%

A membrane-associated form of sucrose synthase and its potential role in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants.

Amor

Haigler

Johnson

et al. 1995

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

571

387

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Sucrose synthase (SuSy; EC 2.4.1.13; sucrose + UDP = UDPglucose + fructose) has always been studied as a cytoplasmic enzyme in plant cells where it serves to degrade sucrose and provide carbon for respiration and synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and starch. We report here that at least half of the total SuSy of developing cotton fibers (Gossypium hirsutum) is tightly associated with the plasma membrane. Therefore, this form of SuSy might serve to channel carbon directly from sucrose to cellulose and/or callose synthases in the plasma membrane. By using detached and permeabilized cotton fibers, we show that carbon from sucrose can be converted at high rates to both cellulose and callose. Synthesis of cellulose or callose is favored by addition of EGTA or calcium and cellobiose, respectively. These findings contrast with the traditional observation that when UDPglucose is used as substrate in vitro, callose is the major product synthesized. Immunolocalization studies show that SuSy can be localized at the fiber surface in patterns consistent with the deposition of cellulose or callose. Thus, these results support a model in which SuSy exists in a complex with the j8-glucan synthases and serves to channel carbon from sucrose to glucan.The well-characterized cellulose synthase from the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum is a plasma-membrane-localized enzyme that clearly uses UDPglucose (UDP-Glc) both in vivo and in vitro as substrate for synthesis of 13-1,4-glucan microfibrils (1). The high levels (2) and turnover rate (3) of UDP-Glc also suggest that it is the substrate for higher plant cellulose synthesis. However, when isolated plasma membranes of higher plants are supplied with UDP-Glc, the major product synthesized is usually not cellulose but callose (j3-1,3-glucan; ref. 4). A recent study with developing cotton fibers (5) has shown that a subfraction of membrane proteins can synthesize a higher ratio of cellulose to callose, but the rate of cellulose synthesis was far below that observed in vivo.In plants, UDP-Glc can potentially be synthesized by two different pathways. One route involves the enzyme UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9). Levels of this enzyme are usually very high in plant cells, but it probably functions primarily in the direction of UDP-Glc degradation, particularly in nonphotosynthetic tissues (6). The second route involves the enzyme sucrose synthase (SuSy; EC 2.4.1.13). Like the phosphorylase reaction, the reaction catalyzed by SuSy is freely reversible, but the high levels of this enzyme and steady-state measurements of levels of its substrates and products in nonphotosynthetic tissues suggest that it functions primarily in the direction of sucrose degradation and UDP-Glc synthesis (7,8). SuSy has formerly been studied as a cytoplasmic enzyme that provides carbon for respiration and cell wall polysaccharide and starch synthesis (9, 10). Evidence for a biosynthetic role of SuSy is provided by substantially reduced starch deposition and extensive cell wall degeneration in mut...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 53%

A membrane-associated form of sucrose synthase and its potential role in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants.

Amor

Haigler

Johnson

et al. 1995

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

571

387

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“…After the fiber was beaten, the cell wall was displaced and deformed, while the primary and secondary walls were removed, and the fiber produced fine fibers (Willison et al 1977). Consequently, the flocculation of fibers was scattered, and numerous fibers started to fibrillate, which led to more free hydroxyl groups (Wang et al 2015).…”

Section: Fiber Morphology Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Bamboo/Polylactic Acid Composites

Yang¹,

Ma²,

Tang³

et al. 2018

BioResources

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Polylactic acid (PLA) and bamboo fiber are both green and biodegradable materials. However, the bonding of PLA and bamboo fiber is poor, which limits the physical properties of paper. The effects of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) on PLA fiber/bamboo fiber composites were studied by measuring the tensile strength, tear resistance, and breaking length of the paper. In addition, the morphology of paper comprised of PLA fiber and bamboo fiber were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The tensile index, tear index, and breaking length of paper made with the 4 wt% PVOH-treated bamboo fiber and the untreated PLA fiber compared favorably with the paper made of the untreated bamboo fiber and PLA fiber increased 21.0%, 8.6%, and 20.8%, respectively. However, compared with the paper made of the untreated bamboo fiber and PLA fiber, the tensile index, tear index, and breaking length of the paper made with the treated PLA fiber and the treated bamboo fiber with 4 wt% PVOH solution were dramatically reduced by 30%, 18%, and 30%, respectively.

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“…Such a contribution is not visible in DBN inhibited protoplasts. DBN not only causes cell wall inhibition but also affects cytokinesis, the either intracellularly in the Golgi cisternae (see Brown and Romanovicz, 1976) or extracellularly on the plasmalemma (see Brown and Montezinos, 1976;Willison and Brown, 1977). The nice thing about Hymenomonas is that it has a presumably primitive form of higher plant cell wall which Brown et al 1973) also reported the presence of a multilayer of scales around the Pleurochrysis cells.…”

Section: Effect Of 26-dichlorobenzonitrile (Dbn)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This hypothesis seems reasonably suitable for some of the algal cell walls. In contrast, freeze-etching techniques applied to cell walls of higher plants pro vided unconvincing evidence of terminal complexes attached to micro fibrils (Muller et al, 1976;Willison and Brown, 1977). The second hypothesis postulates that hydrated polyglucan chains which are released from the cell associate to form a nascent fibril which is external to the cell but associated with the cell membrane (Colvin and Leppard, 1976).…”

Section: Higher Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural, biochemical, and inhibition studies of cell wall formation in the unicellular marine coccolithophorid alga Hymenomonas carterae

Safa-Esfahani¹

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An examination of the developing cotton fiber: Wall and plasmalemma

Cited by 68 publications

References 29 publications

A membrane-associated form of sucrose synthase and its potential role in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants.

A membrane-associated form of sucrose synthase and its potential role in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants.

Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Bamboo/Polylactic Acid Composites

Structural, biochemical, and inhibition studies of cell wall formation in the unicellular marine coccolithophorid alga Hymenomonas carterae

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