“…Decades of research suggests that approximately 85% of the variation in student learning is affected by factors such as the home environment, parental influence, peer relationships, and neighborhood conditions (Goldhaber, Brewer, & Anderson, 1999; Madaus, Kellaghan, Rakow, & King, 1979; Marzano, 2000). Correspondingly, superintendents need to maintain open communications with internal and external groups connected to the school system in order to be truly effective (Friedkin & Slater, 1994; Morgan & Petersen, 2002; Petersen & Short, 2002).…”