An Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Extended Scale for Dementia in Three Different Populations

Helmes, Edward; Merskey, Harold; Hachinski, Vladimir; Wands, Kim

doi:10.1097/00002093-199206040-00005

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Modifications of the Mattis scale included additional items to expand the range of content and the use of additional scoring options in items to increase the range of scores, leading to a range of possible scores from 0 to 250. It has demonstrated its reliability and validity in clinical populations [23,24]. The maximum scores is 250 with a minimum of 0.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Rates of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Helmes

Bowler²,

Merskey³

et al. 2003

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Increased interest in types of dementia has developed as more cases are identified in aging populations. Here we compare the rates of cognitive decline over time in three groups with dementia from the University of Western Ontario Dementia Study: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies and a group with both AD and Lewy bodies. All diagnoses were verified by autopsy using standard diagnostic methods. Cognitive impairment was measured with the Extended Scale for Dementia (ESD). Members of each group with dementia were age and sex matched with individuals without dementia as controls. The 15 cases of AD, 7 cases with Lewy bodies and 8 cases with both conditions were all free of significant vascular disease. Linear regression was used to determine the rate of changes in ESD scores over time in months. All three control groups showed no change in cognitive status over time. As expected, all groups with dementia showed progressive cognitive impairment. Analysis of the slope parameter showed that all groups deteriorated at the same rate of approximately 2 ESD points per month. Quadratic models fit better than simple linear models in all groups. Results suggest that the final rate of cognitive decline in dementia may not necessarily reflect the underlying cause.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Rates of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Helmes

Bowler²,

Merskey³

et al. 2003

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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“…The sub¬ division was not based on factor analysis, which generally reveals fewer factors than the number of conventionally ac¬ cepted cognitive domains. 38 The ESD scores were arbi¬ trarily grouped for the early (201-250), moderate (101-200), and severe (0-100) levels. We did not use previously reported thresholds of the ESD37 as the thresholds were de¬ termined for AD, and this may have been inappropriate in patients with VaD.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative Evolution of Alzheimer Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Mixed Dementia

Bowler¹,

Eliasziw²,

Steenhuis³

et al. 1997

Archives of Neurology

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Alzheimer disease, VaD, and mixed dementia evolve similarly as assessed using cognitive domains obtained by subdivision of the ESD in a patient population derived from a memory clinic and by analyzing VaD as a single entity. Only memory impairment evolves differently between AD and VaD, with this depending on the severity. Memory is more severely impaired in the early stage of AD; however, with increasing severity of dementia, memory impairment in VaD accelerates and catches up with AD at the level of moderate impairment. The differences between AD and mixed dementia are greater than those between mixed dementia and VaD, suggesting an important role for the ischemic component of mixed dementia. Simple neuropsychological tools (eg, the ESD) may be incapable of distinguishing between AD and VaD, and more focused instruments may be required. Inherent bias in case selection may prevent extrapolation of these results to VaD in general, but the neuropsychological criteria for VaD may need to vary, depending on the severity.

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“…Six-week test-retest reliability for the ESD was reported to be .94 (Hersch, 1979). Helmes et al (1993) reported good internal consistency for the ESD, particularly for hospital samples (Cronbach's as = .93, .95, and .64 for a mixed hospital sample, a sample of patients with Alzheimer's disease, and a sample of patients without cognitive impairment, respectively).…”

Section: Psychometric Propediesmentioning

confidence: 97%