An Examination of Crisis Intervention Teams in Rural Jurisdictions

Bratina, Michele P.; Carsello, Jacqueline A.; Carrero, Kelly M.; Antonio, Michael E.

doi:10.1007/s10597-021-00797-7

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This virtual access led to crisis situations being diffused, safety plans being initiated, and better documentation of care plans and rationales. Otherwise, the limited resources and expertise in rural settings often serve as significant hurdles to providing appropriate care for individuals with mental health issues [ 20 , 33 , 34 ]. The use of technology and the availability of virtual experts can potentially overcome multiple hurdles, as shown in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since geographical boundaries, local policies, and limitation of resources can shape the delivery of care, there is a need to explore the implementation of a coresponder model in rural areas [ 3 , 4 , 20 ]. This is especially relevant in South Dakota, where more than half of the population lives in rural areas and an estimated 10% of all emergency calls involve a person who may have a mental health crisis [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virtual Partnership Addressing Mental Health Crises: Mixed Methods Study of a Coresponder Program in Rural Law Enforcement

Nataliansyah¹,

Merchant²,

Vakkalanka³

et al. 2023

JMIR Ment Health

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Background A mental health crisis can create challenges for individuals, families, and communities. This multifaceted issue often involves different professionals from law enforcement and health care systems, which may lead to siloed and suboptimal care. The virtual crisis care (VCC) program was developed to provide rural law enforcement with access to behavioral health professionals and facilitated collaborative care via telehealth technology. Objective This study was designed to evaluate the implementation and use of a VCC program from a telehealth hub for law enforcement in rural areas. Methods This study used a mixed methods approach. The quantitative data came from the telehealth hub’s electronic record system. The qualitative data came from in-depth interviews with law enforcement in the 18 counties that adopted the VCC program. Results Across the 181 VCC encounters, the telehealth hub's recommended disposition and the actual disposition were similar for remaining in place (n=141, 77.9%, and n=137, 75.7%, respectively), voluntary admission (n=9, 5.0%, and n=10, 5.5%, respectively), and involuntary committal (IVC; n=27, 14.9%, and n=19, 10.5%, respectively). Qualitative insights related to the VCC program's implementation, use, benefits, and challenges were identified, providing a comprehensive view of the virtual partnership between rural law enforcement and behavioral health professionals. Conclusions Use of a VCC program likely averts unnecessary IVCs. Law enforcement interviews affirmed the positive impact of VCC due to its ease of use and the benefits it provides to the individuals in need, the first responders involved, law enforcement resources, and the community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Partnership Addressing Mental Health Crises: Mixed Methods Study of a Coresponder Program in Rural Law Enforcement

Nataliansyah¹,

Merchant²,

Vakkalanka³

et al. 2023

JMIR Ment Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Other emergency response programs based on the Memphis model have been developed across the country, including Waterloo, Iowa, Portland, Oregon, Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Seattle, Washington (Steadman, et al, 2000). Studies on the effectiveness of the CIT model show some positive outcomes in terms of officer satisfaction and officer perception of reduction in the use of police force (Bonfine et al, 2014; Bratina, et al, 2021; Morabito et al, 2012; Skubby et al, 2013; Watson et al, 2017). In addition, prebooking jail diversion and referrals to mental health units were more likely with CIT-trained officers (Bratina et al, 2021; Compton et al, 2014; Dewa et al, 2018; Leifman & Coffey, 2020; Watson & Compton, 2019).…”

Section: Criminalizing Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, outcomes of CIT effectiveness on objective measures of arrests, days spent in detention, identification of mental illness at an earlier stage, serious officer injury or citizen injury, use of force, and death for persons with mental illness during an emergency interaction with police officers are mixed (Earl et al, 2015; Kane et al, 2018). Another major critique of CIT is that programs that use the model often focus on officer training, but much less emphasis is placed on building strong community partnerships and encouraging community ownership of the program, also a key element of CIT as it was originally designed (Bratina et al, 2021). This lack of emphasis on the community aspect of the program results in a bias toward police perceptions in evaluations of CIT, leaving the community voice sorely understudied, and all but lost (Winters et al, 2015).…”

Section: Criminalizing Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on the effectiveness of the CIT model show some positive outcomes in terms of officer satisfaction and officer perception of reduction in the use of police force (Bonfine et al, 2014; Bratina, et al, 2021; Morabito et al, 2012; Skubby et al, 2013; Watson et al, 2017). In addition, prebooking jail diversion and referrals to mental health units were more likely with CIT-trained officers (Bratina et al, 2021; Compton et al, 2014; Dewa et al, 2018; Leifman & Coffey, 2020; Watson & Compton, 2019). However, outcome evaluations of CIT also noted that there was no measurable (objective) difference in the use of force between officers with CIT training and those without it (Ellis, 2014).…”

Section: Criminalizing Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Public safety redefined: Mitigating trauma by centering the community in community mental health.

Townsend

Dillard‐Wright

Prestwich

et al. 2023

American Psychologist

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The summer of 2020 marked a shift in public perception of police brutality and racism in the United States. Following the police murder of George Floyd and ensuing social unrest, the appropriate role and function of the police in communities have been a frequent topic of debate. Of particular concern is the intersection of policing and mental health where we see a pattern of police using excessive force disproportionately against persons with disabilities, especially mental health disabilities (Autistic Self Advocacy Network, 2017). The introduction of race only exacerbates this disparity (Saleh et al., 2018). Given the realities of these mental health inequities, the aim of this scoping review is to explore first response models/programs that emphasize a therapeutic intervention as an alternative to policing. Seventeen articles were selected for inclusion in the review, six exploratory or experimental studies and 11 review or discussion articles. Using findings from the review, we offer recommendations to help reimagine this country's approach to emergency response. We urge psychologists and other health care providers to step out of the clinic and engage the community in the development of crisis responses for mental health emergencies that are therapeutic rather than inflammatory, healing rather than harming.

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Characteristics of Injurious Shootings by Police Along the Urban–Rural Continuum

Ward,

Cepeda,

Jackson

et al. 2024

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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An Examination of Crisis Intervention Teams in Rural Jurisdictions

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Virtual Partnership Addressing Mental Health Crises: Mixed Methods Study of a Coresponder Program in Rural Law Enforcement

Virtual Partnership Addressing Mental Health Crises: Mixed Methods Study of a Coresponder Program in Rural Law Enforcement

Public safety redefined: Mitigating trauma by centering the community in community mental health.

Characteristics of Injurious Shootings by Police Along the Urban–Rural Continuum

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