“…The separation of trafficking from migration has led to the persistence of prosecution and/or deportation of actual and potential victims for immigration offences (Askola, 2020). It is well documented that victim protection and support measures in ASEAN remain limited: provisions are dependent on victim cooperation with law enforcement and having legal migration status, and they largely reproduce gendered ideas regarding women's victimization and the needs of women and girls who have experienced exploitation (Song, 2016;Tan and Segrave, 2020). Despite the mounting critique, the design of national counter-trafficking responses 20 years since the Palermo Protocol that has come into force, including those in the ASEAN region, 3 remain largely unchanged and focused on criminal justice infrastructure (see Renshaw, 2016;Risley, 2015).…”