An examination of American football helmets using brain deformation metrics associated with concussion

Post, Andrew; Oeur, Anna; Hoshizaki, Blaine; Gilchrist, Michael D.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2012.09.017

Cited by 53 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…19 Because the padding is on the outside of the helmet, it also does not benefit from the force-spreading effect of the hard helmet shell. [20][21][22] Indeed, with the waffle pattern, only a handful of padding pods are involved in any given impact, further limiting the opportunity for energy dissipation by the additional padding of the Cap.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ability of an Aftermarket Helmet Add-On Device to Reduce Impact-Force Accelerations During Drop Tests

Breedlove

Nauman

et al. 2017

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: The Guardian Cap provides a soft covering intended to mitigate energy transfer to the head during football contact. Yet how well it attenuates impacts remains unknown. Objective: To evaluate the changes in the Gadd Severity Index (GSI) and linear acceleration during drop tests on helmeted headforms with or without Guardian Caps. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Nine new football helmets sent directly from the manufacturer. Intervention(s): We dropped the helmets at 3 velocities on 6 helmet locations (front, side, right front boss, top, rear right boss, and rear) as prescribed by the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment. Helmets were tested with facemasks in place but no Guardian Cap and then retested with the facemasks in place and the Guardian Cap affixed. Main Outcome Measure(s): The GSI scores and linear accelerations measured in g forces. Results: For the GSI, we found a significant interaction among drop location, Guardian Cap presence, and helmet brand at the high velocity (F10,50 = 3.01, P = .005) but not at the low (F3.23,16.15 = 0.84, P = .50) or medium (F10,50 = 1.29, P = .26) velocities. Similarly for linear accelerations, we found a significant interaction among drop location, Guardian Cap presence, and helmet brand at the high velocity (F10,50 = 3.01, P = .002, ω2 = 0.05) but not at the low (F10,50 = 0.49, P = .89, ω2 < 0.01, 1–β = 0.16) or medium (F5.20,26.01 = 2.43, P = .06, ω2 < 0.01, 1–β = 0.68) velocities. Conclusions: The Guardian Cap failed to significantly improve the helmets' ability to mitigate impact forces at most locations. Limited evidence indicates how a reduction in GSI would provide clinically relevant benefits beyond reducing the risk of skull fracture or a similar catastrophic event.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ability of an Aftermarket Helmet Add-On Device to Reduce Impact-Force Accelerations During Drop Tests

Breedlove

Nauman

et al. 2017

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…While there is no literature reporting any reduction in concussion with the use of helmets in baseball, it is possible that the rate of concussion has not been affected, as has been found in other sports where head impact is common and helmets are used (Wennberg and Tator, 2003;Casson et al, 2010). Scientists investigating this phenomenon in other contact sports such as ice hockey and American football have found that concussion is largely influenced by rotational acceleration causing strain in the brain tissues (Forero Rueda et al, 2011;Post et al 2011;Post et al 2013b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is not a novel concept, and researchers have developed methods of analysis of American football and ice hockey helmet performance that focus on risks of concussion and metrics that are more closely associated with this type of injury (Post et al, 2011;Post et al, 2013b). An improved understanding of the mechanisms of injury within American football and ice hockey, and the situations that are likely to cause an increased risk of concussion has been studied (Zhang et al, 2004;Kleiven, 2007;Forero Rueda et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the protective capacity of baseball helmets for concussive impacts

Post

Karton

Hoshizaki

et al. 2015

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

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The purpose of this research was to examine how four different types of baseball helmets perform for baseball impacts when performance was measured using variables associated with concussion. A helmeted Hybrid III headform was impacted by a baseball, and linear and rotational acceleration as well as maximum principal strain were measured for each impact condition. The method was successful in distinguishing differences in design characteristics between the baseball helmets. The results indicated that there is a high risk of concussive injury from being hit by a ball regardless of helmet worn.

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“…While current biomechanical metrics may not capture all aspects of concussion risk, they are nevertheless valuable in evaluating the biomechanics of head impacts. Many helmet evaluation studies focus on drawing the best conclusions possible from the available metrics (Hutchinson, 2014;Post et al, 2013;Rowson and Duma, 2011;Scher et al, 2008). Accordingly, this paper aims to report typical values for many commonly worn helmets with regards to their performance on a NOCSAE-style drop test with respect to the metrics of GSI and peak linear acceleration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact attenuation capabilities of football and lacrosse helmets

Breedlove

Bowman

et al. 2016

Journal of Biomechanics

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Although the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) standards are similar for football and lacrosse helmets, it remains unknown how helmets for each sport compare on drop tests. Due to the increased concern over head injury in sport and the rapid growth in lacrosse participation, it is useful to compare the performance of various football and lacrosse helmets. Therefore, the goal of this study was to document the impact attenuation properties of football and lacrosse helmets and to identify the relative performance between helmets for the two sports. Six models of football and six models of lacrosse helmets were tested using a drop tower at three prescribed velocities and six locations on the helmets. A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to determine the effect of sport on Gadd Severity Index (GSI) scores and linear accelerations. The interaction between location and sport was significant at the low (F=7.68, P<.001, η=.025), medium (F=16.78, P<.001, η=.085), and high (F=16.67, P<.001, η=.093) velocities for GSI scores. When comparing peak acceleration results, we found a significant interaction between location and sport for the medium (F=5.57, P=.001, ω=.031) and high (F=6.4, P<.001, ω=.047) velocities. Features of football helmet design provide superior protection compared to lacrosse helmets. Further investigation of helmet design features across sports will yield insight into how design features influence helmet performance during laboratory testing.

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An examination of American football helmets using brain deformation metrics associated with concussion

Cited by 53 publications

References 38 publications

The Ability of an Aftermarket Helmet Add-On Device to Reduce Impact-Force Accelerations During Drop Tests

The Ability of an Aftermarket Helmet Add-On Device to Reduce Impact-Force Accelerations During Drop Tests

Evaluation of the protective capacity of baseball helmets for concussive impacts

Impact attenuation capabilities of football and lacrosse helmets

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