An ex vivo experiment to reproduce a forward fall leading to fractured and non-fractured radii

Impact testing of snowboarding wrist protectors

“…For example, a range of fracture forces (;1-4 kN) have been reported, and various effective masses (;2-45 kg) and inbound velocities (;1.5-3.5 m/s) have been used during laboratory studies on cadaveric forearms. [26][27][28][29]37 Therefore, the stiffness of the impactor was tuned to replicate the loading rate of Greenwald et al 36 for a drop test on a cadaveric forearm. During repeatability testing, the polychloroprene used to tune the stiffness of the impactor showed a marginal reduction in hardness (;1 ShA or \ 2%) across the surface after 50 impacts.…”

“…The rigid hemispherical anvil used in this impact test is not representative of a wrist and has limited biofidelity. 23 Quasi-static and impact tests have also been used to find the load to fracture a cadaveric forearm, with mean values from studies between 1 and 4 kN (mean and standard deviation (SD) of 2.7 6 0.8 kN [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] as per Supplemental Table 1). The variation in fracture force between these studies could be due to differences in the bone mineral density, 38 sex, 39 age, 40,41 and ethnicity 42 of the cadaver samples.…”

Specimen-specific finite element prediction of surface strain at the distal radius in a fall configuration

“…The experimental protocol used here has been previously described in details by Zapata et al (Zapata et al 2017). Briefly, the radii were potted in a polyurethane resin in a steel cylinder, with an angle of approximately 75 between the anterior face of the radius and the impactor.…”

Evaluation of a finite element model to predict radius bone strain in a fall configuration

“…The experimental protocol used here has previously been described in detail (Zapata et al 2017). Briefly, thirty left radii from elderly donors (50-96 y.o.…”