“…Solving these equations generates eight equilibrium points: E 1 (0, 0, 0), E 2 (1, 0, 0), E 3 (0, 1, 0), E 4 (0, 0, 1), E 5 (1, 1, 0), E 6 (1, 0, 1), E 7 (0, 1, 1), E 8 (1, 1, 1) (Bjornerstedt and Weibull, 1994). The Jacobian matrix of the tripartite evolutionary game is (Gao et al, 2022a): Using Lyapunov's first method (Gao et al, 2022b): if all eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix have negative real parts, then the equilibrium point is an asymptotically stable point of ESS; if at least one of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix has a positive real part, then the equilibrium point is an unstable point; if except for the eigenvalues whose real part is zero, the other eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix have negative real parts, then the equilibrium point is in a critical state, and its stability cannot be determined by the sign of the eigenvalues. Equilibrium analysis has revealed the ESS points to be E 1 (0, 0, 0), E 2 (1, 0, 0), E 5 (1, 1, 0) and E 6 (1, 0, 1) (see Table 3).…”