An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

Abstract

An evidence-based systematic review of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale. This article includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.

Adverse effects of herbal medicines: an overview of systematic reviews

“…Fifty SRs met our inclusion criteria; 12-61 these originated from Canada, 21,22 Denmark, 26 Germany, 17,46 Italy, 19,20,62 South Africa, 41 the UK 12,18,24,29 and the USA. 13-16,23.25,27,28,30-40,42-45,47,50-61 In these SRs, adverse effects of the following HMs were evaluated: Agave americana, 50 Aloe vera, 52 Boswellia serrata, 15 Calendula officinalis, 16 Camellia sinensis, 28 Capsaicin spp., 44 Cassia senna, 61 Caulophyllum thalictroides, 22 Cimicifuga racemosa, 48 Cinnamomum spp., 21 Cnicus benedictus, 53 Commifora mukul, 36 Crataegus spp., 20 Crocus sativus, 59 Curcuma longa, 43 Echinacea spp., 24 genus Phyllanthus, 26 Ginkgo biloba, 29 Gymnema sylvestre, 60 Harpagophytum procumbens, 17 Herbae pulvis standardisatus, 34 Hippocastanaceae, 32 Hoodia gordonii, 41 Hypericum perforatum, 45 Lagerstroemia speciosa, 38 Larrea tridentate, 33 Lavandula angustifolia Miller, 14 Melissa officinalis, 35 Mentha piperita, 51 Mentha spicata, 57 Mo...…”

“…26 Thirty-one SRs concluded that the HM in question was safe. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][23][24][25][26]29,31,32,35,38,39,[42][43][44][45]47,50,53,55,[57][58][59][60] Fifteen SRs reported moderately severe AEs, 12,22,27,28,30,36,40,41,46,48,49,51,52,54,56 and four SRs concluded that the HM in question was not safe (see Supplemental Tables S1 and S2). 33,34,37,…”

“…Forty-two SRs failed to mention conflict of interest of the authors. [13][14][15][16][17][18]22,23,[25][26][27][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] Thirty-two SRs made no mention of any source of funding. [13][14][15][16][17]22,23,27,30,[34]…”

“…[13][14][15][16][17]21,23,27,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]45,47,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] The number of primary studies included in the SRs ranged from 1 38 to 216. 28 The types of primary reports varied from case studies to epidemiological investigations.…”

Solid phase extraction method for determination of mitragynine in urine and its application to mitragynine excretion study in rats receiving caffeine

“…It possesses psychoactive properties and opium-like effects [1]. In Thailand, kratom use is illegal as it is arranged in Category V of the Narcotics Act B.E.…”