An Evidence-Based Guideline for the Frequency of Optometric Eye Examinations

Mairs, Barbara E Robinson Katie; Stolee, Christine Glenny Paul

doi:10.4172/2167-1079.1000121

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Routine optometric examinations in different countries often include a thorough ocular health assessment targeting the whole eye (American Optometric Association, 2015; Robinson et al, 2012; The College of Optometrists, 2020). As reported earlier, a comprehensive exam of ocular health is not performed by Italian optometrists.…”

Section: Ocular Surface and Anterior Segment Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For many eye diseases early diagnosis and timely treatment would prevent visual damage, making the majority of global blindness avoidable (Flaxman et al, 2017;Robinson et al, 2012). Yet, applying the idea of safeguarding the visual integrity of patients to the Italian setting requires some consideration of the education system and professional regulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Referral in a routine Italian optometric examination: towards an evidence-based model.

Cheloni

Swystun

Frisani

et al. 2021

Scand J Optom Vis Sci

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Italian optometrists refract patients and prescribe optical appliances. The routine optometric examination that is currently conducted in Italy, however, does not include a comprehensive ocular health assessment. Like many other countries, in Italy ophthalmologists are solely responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of ocular pathologies, yet, the care an optometrist provides must be done with the aim of promoting the general and ocular health of patients seen in practice. Such scope has to be pursued using a close collaboration with ophthalmologists, ultimately facilitating the earliest medical diagnosis and minimisation of visual impairment. Referral represents the basis of optometrist-ophthalmologist collaboration, yet, no guidance is available to Italian optometrists indicating when referral is warranted. The purpose of this study was to identify the circumstances deserving a referral in a routine Italian optometric examination in adults, ultimately constituting preliminary evidence-based indications of a referral model oriented to enhance the ocular and general health of patients. A literature review was conducted on Pubmed and the Cochrane Library, mainly targeting high quality secondary literature such as systematic reviews, meta-analysis and clinical guidelines. Several reasons for referral were identified. Further, while a wide range of anomalies of the visual system are likely to be discovered by the Italian optometric examination, up to 20% of patients could suffer an underlying condition undetected by the current assessment. This results in the need to refer seemingly healthy patients if they have not attended routine ophthalmological examinations within optimal time frames. In Italy, and countries with similar settings, the referral is an essential instrument that optometrists must largely use to ensure early diagnosis of ocular conditions by ophthalmologists and minimisation of avoidable visual impairment.

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Section: Ocular Surface and Anterior Segment Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Referral in a routine Italian optometric examination: towards an evidence-based model.

Cheloni

Swystun

Frisani

et al. 2021

Scand J Optom Vis Sci

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“…Les examens complets de la vue effectu es par les optom etristes et les ophtalmologistes sont plus elargis et permettent de d epister les troubles oculaires traitables de type amblyog ene ou non amblyog ene. 1,3 Cela comprend notamment les erreurs de r efraction, le strabisme subtil, les maladies des paupi eres et des glandes lacrymales et les pathologies r etiniennes. 1,2,20,51À53,66 Ces examens ont une vis ee diagnostique et m enent a la prise en charge des troubles de l'oeil, ce qui comprend notamment l'amblyopie, le strabisme et l'erreur de r efraction non corrig ee.…”

Section: T a G G E D H 1 Examen Complet De La Vuet A G G E D E N Dunclassified

“…1,2,20,51À53,66 Ces examens ont une vis ee diagnostique et m enent a la prise en charge des troubles de l'oeil, ce qui comprend notamment l'amblyopie, le strabisme et l'erreur de r efraction non corrig ee. 1,2,6,66 Les principales composantes d'un examen complet de la vue comprennent l'examen de la r efraction, de l'acuit e visuelle, du strabisme, de la vision binoculaire ainsi que de la mobilit e et de l'anatomie oculaires (externe et interne). 1,2,6,62,66 Les techniques d'examen du strabisme et de l'amblyopie dans la population p ediatrique (0 a 5 ans) peuvent comprendre l' evaluation de la fixation et de l'acuit e visuelle, les tests de l' ecran (masquage/d emasquage) et du reflet r etinien (m ethode de Bruckner), l'examen de reflets corn eens (m ethode de Hirschberg), les tests de fusion sensorielle (du filtre rouge, de Worth, etc.…”

Section: T a G G E D H 1 Examen Complet De La Vuet A G G E D E N Dunclassified

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Guide de pratique clinique fondé sur des données probantes pour l'examen périodique de la vue chez les enfants de 0 à 5 ans au Canada

Delpero

Robinson

Gardiner

et al. 2019

Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology

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Prognostic factors for a change in eye health or vision: A rapid review

Hammond,

Needham-Taylor,

Bromham

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The general public are advised to have regular routine eye examinations to check their vision and ocular health; however current UK guidance on how often to have eye examinations is not evidence-based and was issued in 2002.This Rapid Review aims to provide an evidence base that stakeholders can use to form updated guidance for Wales by asking the question 'What are the prognostic factors for a change in ocular status in the general population attending routine eye examinations?' The review included evidence available from January 2009 up until August 2023. Evidence was included from 2011 up until 2023. 19 studies were included: two systematic reviews; nine prospective cohort studies; three retrospective cohort studies; two longitudinal studies; two case-control studies; and one cross-sectional study were included. Research Implications and Evidence Gaps: Future research to inform appropriate eye examination intervals should be narrower in focus to ensure as much relevant and useful evidence as possible is gathered. There are large amounts of evidence on prevalence and prognostic factors for prevalent conditions, which did not meet the inclusion criteria of this rapid review which looks at incident or changing conditions. Policy and Practice Implications: Caution should be taken if using this review for decision making on appropriate eye examination intervals due to low certainty and generalisability. This review should be used to identify key prognostic factors and suggesting these for further targeted research and evidence synthesis. Economic considerations: Sight loss costs the UK economy 25 billion pounds per annum, with more than 2 million people in the UK currently living with sight loss. The economic implications of appropriate or inappropriate testing intervals for different causes of vision loss will be different. When captured at a population wide scale, the earlier detection of conditions through examination can result in significant economic savings.

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An Evidence-Based Guideline for the Frequency of Optometric Eye Examinations

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Referral in a routine Italian optometric examination: towards an evidence-based model.

Referral in a routine Italian optometric examination: towards an evidence-based model.

Guide de pratique clinique fondé sur des données probantes pour l'examen périodique de la vue chez les enfants de 0 à 5 ans au Canada

Prognostic factors for a change in eye health or vision: A rapid review

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