An evaluation of the reproducibility of capacitive sensor based in-plane permeability measurements:
A benchmarking study

Grössing, Harald; Becker, David; Kaufmann, S.; Schledjewski, Ralf; Mitscháng, Peter; Doppler, Christian; Glöckl-Straße, Otto

doi:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2015.14

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…In general, the absolute values are in the expected range. The ratio of out-of-plane to in-plane permeability values (these were determined with an in-plane permeability measurement system as presented by the authors in Grössing et al 32 ) is reasonable as well, which is exemplarily shown in Figure 9 for the carbon fiber non-crimp fabric. Moreover, the expected trend of the permeability values strongly decreasing with increasing fiber volume fraction is clearly given for all measurements.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

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An evaluation of the reproducibility of ultrasonic sensor-based out-of-plane permeability measurements: a benchmarking study

Becker

Grössing

Konstantopoulos

et al. 2016

Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science

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Research concerning the measurement of the permeability of fabrics for polymer matrix composites has been ongoing since several decades, but remains in the focus of applied research for liquid composite molding. Today, several systems and technologies for the measurement of in-and out-of-plane permeability are available, but still no approach has gained acceptance as a common standard. A main requirement for reliable permeability measurement technology is the reproducibility of results when comparing different characterization systems. In this context, benchmark studies are an appropriate method to evaluate the reproducibility of a technology. This study presents a benchmark on unsaturated out-of-plane permeability measurement systems based on flow front monitoring via ultrasonic sensors. Two corresponding systems are compared in the study comprising carbon and glass wovens as well as non-crimp fabrics. The out-of-plane permeability was measured with both systems at three different levels of fiber volume content and three repetitive measurements. The results gained with the systems showed good compliance with relative deviation of the permeability values mostly below 50%. Textile-induced inhomogeneities and varying measurement parameters, e.g. injection pressure, were found to be main reasons for the deviations.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…The scatter obtained while respecting the guidelines was below 25% between the test rigs. In 2015, Grössing et al 32 compared 2D capacitive based in-plane permeability measuring systems. The two systems were similar concerning the built-up, approach, and technology, but supervised at two different research institutes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of the reproducibility of ultrasonic sensor-based out-of-plane permeability measurements: a benchmarking study

Becker

Grössing

Konstantopoulos

et al. 2016

Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science

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“…(1) optical permeameter at LVV, [30][31][32][33][34][35] (2) optical permeameter available at PuK 36,37 and (3) capacitive permeameter systems at IVW and LVV. 18,38…”

Section: Experimental Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust evaluation of flow front data for in-plane permeability characterization by radial flow experiments

Fauster

Berg

May

et al. 2018

Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science

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b department of Polymer Materials and Plastics engineering, clausthal university of technology, clausthal-Zellerfeld, germany; c institut für verbundwerkstoffe gmbH, Kaiserslautern, germany ABSTRACT A novel approach is presented for modeling the temporally advancing fluid flow front in radial flow experiments for in-plane permeability characterization of reinforcing fabrics. The method is based on fitting an elliptic paraboloid to the flow front data collected throughout such an experiment. This "paraboloid" approach is compared to the conventional "ellipse" method and validated by means of data sets of optically tracked experiments from two different research institutions. A detailed discussion of the results reveals the benefits of the "paraboloid" method in terms of numerical efficiency as well robustness against temporal or local data variations. The "paraboloid" method is tested on temporally and spatially limited data sets from a testrig involving linear capacitive sensors. There, the method shows advantages over the conventional approach as it incorporates the entirety of available measurement data, particularly in the last stages of the experiments which are most characteristic for the material under test.

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“…Liquid transfer moulding techniques, such as resin transfer moulding (RTM) get more and more attention in the composite industry due to their significant advantages over traditional techniques, such as hand lamination: high productivity at lower cost, increased fiber-to-resin ratio, controlled dimensional tolerances, providing outstanding reproducibility. Therefore, these techniques are common in the production of automotive and aircraft structural elements [1,2], which often require special features, such as flame retardancy and thermal and electrical conductivity. These properties are usually achieved with the application of different additives, which might adversely influence other properties of the polymer matrix and the composite structure, such as crosslinking density, glass transition temperature and mechanical behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Gelcoats for Fiber Reinforced Composites

Pomázi

Toldy

2019

Coatings

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Achieving special features in polymer composites, such as flame retardancy and thermal and electrical conductivity, often requires the application of different additives, which might negatively affect other properties of the polymer matrix and the composite structure. Furthermore, the application of solid additives in composites produced by liquid transfer moulding can lead to the filtration of the additive by the reinforcement, which causes a non-uniform particle distribution and an uneven performance. An evident solution to address these issues is to apply the additives in a separate layer on the surface of the composite. As in many applications, gelcoats are used to reach appropriate surface quality, a reasonable progression in the composite industry is the development of multifunctional gelcoats. In this article, after a short introduction to gelcoats and their main base materials (unsaturated polyester, epoxy, and others) multifunctional gelcoats are discussed according to their functionality, in particular water resistance, electric conductivity and flame retardancy. Classical and novel gelcoat preparation methods (application by brush and/or roller, spraying, UV-curing, in-mould gelcoating), as well as common defects that occur during gelcoating are discussed. Finally, the testing methods of multifunctional gelcoats are outlined.

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An evaluation of the reproducibility of capacitive sensor based in-plane permeability measurements: A benchmarking study

Cited by 33 publications

References 45 publications

An evaluation of the reproducibility of ultrasonic sensor-based out-of-plane permeability measurements: a benchmarking study

An evaluation of the reproducibility of ultrasonic sensor-based out-of-plane permeability measurements: a benchmarking study

Robust evaluation of flow front data for in-plane permeability characterization by radial flow experiments

Multifunctional Gelcoats for Fiber Reinforced Composites

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