An evaluation of the reliability of time sampling versus continuous observation data collection

Klesges, Robert C.; Woolfrey, Joan; Vollmer, J.

doi:10.1016/0005-7916(85)90004-7

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…EE m was obtained by measuring the amount of VO z and VCO z (32). The VO z and VCO z of each subject were calculated by measuring the changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide contents in the air inside the room calorimeter, and by multiplying the flow rate of the purged air by its concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide, respectively.…”

Section: Measured Ee Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Expenditure Determined by Self‐Reported Physical Activity Is Related to Body Fatness

et al. 1999

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BUCHOWSKI, MACIEJ S., KAREN M. TOWNSEND, KONG Y. CHEN, SARI A. ACRA, AND MING SUN. Energy expenditure determined by self-reported physical activity is related to body fatness. Obes. Res. 1999;7:23-33. Objective: Activity self-reports are a commonly used tool in assessing daily physical activity (PA) and associated energy expenditure (EE). This study examined the effect of relative body fatness (%BF) on differences between self-reported and measured duration and associated EE in healthy adults. Research Methods and Procedures: Men and women(n = 115, age 38±9 years), ranging in %BF from 7.9% to 58.9%, spent two separate days (normal and exercise) in a whole-room indirect calorimeter where EE was measured. While in the room calorimeter, subjects reported the type, intensity, and duration of each performed PA. The Compendium of Physical Activity was used to calculate the energy cost of each reported activity. The EE of all selfreported activities (EE r ) was categorized into four intensity levels, synchronized, and compared with EE from the room ca'orimeter (EE m ) . Results: With increasing %BF, subjects significantly overestimated duration of more strenuous activities (~4.5), while underestimating moderate activities (2.5 to 4.4 metabolic equivalents (METs)). Misreporting of duration and/or intensity caused an overestimation or underestimation of PA-associated EE at these levels. Reported EE sleep was lower than measured EE sleep, although both had similar durations. As a result, total EE r was similar to EE m • Discussion: Individual variability of daily total PA and as- sociated EE generated from self-reports in adults is high, Persons with a higher %BF report duration and/or intensity of moderate to high levels of PA with lower accuracy than leaner individuals. We conclude using the Compendium of Physical Activity is not suitable for the accurate estimation of self-reported EE of AA in adults with a higher %BF.

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Section: Measured Ee Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Expenditure Determined by Self‐Reported Physical Activity Is Related to Body Fatness

et al. 1999

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“…A lingering concern is that observations of physical activity have not been compared to measurements ofchildren's energy expenditure (Bullen, Reed, & Mayer, 1964;Corbin & Fletcher, 1968;Hovell, Bursick, Sharkey, & McClure, 1978;Klesges et al, 1983;Klesges & Klesges, 1987;Klesges, Wolfrey, & Vollmer, 1985;Kucera, 1985Kucera, , 1986O'Hara, Baranowski, Simons-Morton, Wilson, & Parcel, 1989;Wallace, McKenzie, & Nader, 1985). O'Hara et al (1989), for example, used a simple ordinal point system for intensity estimation and literature-based estimates ofchildren's energy expenditure values (METS).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Children's Activity Rating Scale (CARS): Description and Calibration

Puhl

Greaves

Hoyt

et al. 1990

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

182

131

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A five-level Children's Activity Rating Scale (CARS) was designed to categorize the intensity of physical activities and discriminate between levels of energy expenditure in young children. The CARS was used by trained observers over a 12-month period to assess physical activities of 3-4 year-old children during field observations. Agreement among observers using the CARS was 84.1% for 389 paired observation periods. The energy expenditure for each level was assessed by measuring VO2s and heart rates of 5-6 year-old children (12 boys, 13 girls) while they performed eight activities representing the CARS levels. Mean VO2s for the eight activities in Levels 1-5 ranged from 7.1 to 37.5 ml.kg BW-1.min-1 (1 to 5.42 METS; 14.5% to 80.6% of VO2max). Mean heart rates ranged from 89 to 183 b.min-1 for activities in Levels 1-5. VO2s and heart rates at each level were significantly different from all other levels. These data demonstrate that the CARS encompasses a wide range of energy expenditures, discriminates between levels of energy expenditure, and can be used by trained observers to reliably evaluate physical activity and estimate energy expenditure of young children.

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“…The time for data input and interobserver agreement were contrasted, and overall results showed that the VRT method was more time efficient and led to significantly more accurate interobserver agreement. Saudargas and Zanolli (1990) and Klesges, Woolfrey, and Vollmer (1985) contrasted traditional and computer-assisted methods to assess the accuracy of momentary time sampling against real-time data collection but did not focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the methods themselves along a broader set of dimensions relevant to the decisions a researcher would need to make in choosing between traditional and computer-assisted methods.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparing observational software with paper and pencil for time-sampled data: A field test of Interval Manager (INTMAN)

Tapp

Tichá

Kryzer

et al. 2006

Behavior Research Methods

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The INTMAN software system was designed to facilitate the collection of time-sampled data in field-based settings. INTMAN has a collection component and an analysis component. The collection component runs on Pocket 165Copyright 2006 Psychonomic Society, Inc.The first author and the first author's not-for-profit institution receive funds from license sales and therefore have a financial interest in the software described in this article. In this article, we describe the Interval Manager (INTMAN) software system for collecting timesampled observational data and present a preliminary application comparing the program with a traditional paper-and-pencil method. INTMAN is a computer-assisted alternative to traditional paperand-pencil methods for collecting fixed interval time-sampled observational data. The INTMAN data collection software runs on Pocket PC handheld computers and includes a desktop application for Microsoft Windows that is used for data analysis. Standard analysis options include modified frequencies, percent of intervals, conditional probabilities, and kappa agreement matrices and values. INTMAN and a standardized paper-and-pencil method were compared under identical conditions on five dimensions: setup time, duration of data entry, duration of interobserver agreement calculations, accuracy, and cost. Overall, the computer-assisted program was a more efficient and accurate data collection system for time-sampled data than the traditional method.

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An evaluation of the reliability of time sampling versus continuous observation data collection

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Energy Expenditure Determined by Self‐Reported Physical Activity Is Related to Body Fatness

Energy Expenditure Determined by Self‐Reported Physical Activity Is Related to Body Fatness

Children's Activity Rating Scale (CARS): Description and Calibration

Comparing observational software with paper and pencil for time-sampled data: A field test of Interval Manager (INTMAN)

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