An evaluation of the electrolyte status of malnourished Thai children

Caddell, Joan L.; Olson, Robert E.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(73)80333-6

Cited by 28 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Such tests have been utilized for the assessment of tissue magnesium stores [18,24,[28][29][30][31][32]]. Although we are not able to obtain control magnesium retention data from normal children, because of the pain at the injection site caused by intramuscular injection of MgS0 4 , we noted that all but five of the children with IDDM retained more than 40% of the load, with a high mean retention of Mg (58.7 + 5.1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The increased retention of this ion possibly is indicative of tissue depletion. It should be noted that retention of more than 20% of an Mg load is considered suggestive of magnesium deficiency in adults [28][29][30] and that retention of 40% or more of an intramuscular load has been associated with magnesium deficiency in infants and young children [18,24,29,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnesium status in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Fort¹,

Lifshitz²

1986

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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We assessed the magnesium status in 67 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in various degrees of diabetic control and its changes during the evolution of the disease. This was done by measuring fasting serum magnesium and 24-hr urinary magnesium clearances when patients were first studied, as well as subsequently on follow-up. In 23 of these patients the retention of intramuscular magnesium was also assessed in relation to the degree of diabetic control and the duration of the illness. The mean +/- SD serum magnesium levels were significantly lower in diabetic children as compared to nondiabetic controls (1.91 +/- 0.22 vs 2.12 +/- 0.26 mg/dl, p less than 0.001). Serum magnesium in diabetic children correlated with glycosylated hemoglobins (r = -0.358, p less than 0.001), but not with 24-hr glycosuria (r = -0.296). On follow-up of patients, serum magnesium significantly increased when IDDM control improved and decreased when the control worsened. Diabetic patients had increased urinary magnesium clearances compared to nondiabetic subjects (5.26 +/- 3.58 vs 3.60 +/- 1.36 cc/min, p less than 0.05). All but five of the 23 patients given the magnesium load retained more than 40% of the dose, with a mean +/- SD retention of 58.7 +/- 5.1%. There was no correlation between the amount of retained magnesium and the duration of the illness, degree of diabetic control, amount of glycosuria, magnesuria, magnesemia, glycosylated hemoglobins, or serum lipids. The data confirm that lower than control serum magnesium levels occur frequently among children with poorly controlled IDDM. Moreover, there might be magnesium deficiency in IDDM, as indicated by the high retention of magnesium when given intramuscularly. The deficiency of this ion may or may not be accompanied by decreased serum magnesium levels and may result from increased urinary magnesium losses in children with IDDM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium status in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Fort¹,

Lifshitz²

1986

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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“…These include chemical analysis of body tissues and of urine, metabolic balance studies, and parenteral magnesium load tests. [30][31][32][33][34][35] Flasma values of magnesium are helpful when low,26,35 but magnesium deficient patients may have normal plasma levels. 35,38 Muscle values may be diminished when expressed on the basis of weight of tissue in magnesium-deficient animals or patients, 26,30,34 but intracellular magnesium concentration is not significantly different from controls.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium in the Nutrition of the Child

Caddell

1974

Clin Pediatr (Phila)

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Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. 63104. M AGNESIUM IS the second most abundant intracellular cation. This element is essential for the production and transfer of energy, for protein synthesis, for contractility in muscle and excitability in nerve, and as an essential cofactor in numerous enzyme systems related to other functions. ~.2 Of 75 neonates with convulsions caused by mineral imbalance, Cockburn et al. found 53 per cent to be hypomagnesemic.~ Since convulsions are only one of many symptoms' of magnesium deficiency in the young child, magnesium deficiency must often go undiagnosed. Magnesium Reserves in the Developing Fetus and in the NewbornThe nutritional requirements of the human fetus for magnesium increase as gestation progresses. At term, an infant weighs 20 times as much as a 20-week-old fetus, yet has 32 times as much magnesium.5 Therefore, one would expect that any infant born prematurely would have poor magnesium reserves, regardless of the magnesium status of the mother.In animal studies, magnesium deficiency during pregnancy affects the offspring more than it does the mother. Wang et al. 6 showed that rats fed a low magnesium diet during pregnancy had prolonged labor, a high incidence of stillbirths, and over 90 per cent mortality of live offspring during the first week postpartum. In addition, the body weights and magnesium content of serum and carcass of the offspring were significantly reduced. Also, the milk samples from the deficient dams on day 21 of lactation were low in magnesium. In another study of magnesium deprivation in rats, Dancis et c~l.' 7 found some fetal parasitism, but in the inevitable competition between mother and offspring, magnesium was retained by the mother at the expense of the fetus. At term, the mothers looked healthy, despite some magnesium depletion, but the surviving fetuses were small, pale, weak, and at times edematous.Blizzard' postulated that the stunting found in the growth of magnesium-deficient embryos of Rana pipiens was related to the requirement for adequate magnesium for ribosome synthesis. Although magnesiumdeficient embryos continued to synthesize ribosomal RNA, ribosomes were not made or maintained. Tsang and C~h's~ report of decreased serum magnesium levels in infants of low birth weight is of particular pertinence in this regard. Pertinence to Feeding of the NeonateIt is been established that protein, calcium, and phosphorus all increase the metabolic requirement for magnesium.1° Therefore, some of the practices of current infant feeding merit review. Cow's milk, the basis for most of the artificial formulas fed to infants, 1 1 has higher protein and calcium concentrations than human breast milk, and a phosphorus to magnesium ratio that is about six times greater. 12 Infants fed cow's milk have at The University of Auckland Library on March 29, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from 264 greater gains in weight and length than breast-fed infants. 11 I Several reasons may obtain for the present trend towards larger infants. Reports from both the Un...

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“…Apnea has been associated with hypomagnesemia in young human infants and young children, and has occurred with bradycardia, tremors and seizures, and other nonspecific symptoms [4,5]. Supplementary Mg has been associated with striking improvement in infants with seizures, apnea, cardiac distur bances, who showed evidence of Mg deficiency [4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Supplementary Mg has been associated with striking improvement in infants with seizures, apnea, cardiac distur bances, who showed evidence of Mg deficiency [4][5][6][7][8][9]. This is a retrospective review of hospital and follow-up experiences of 200 premature neo nates with idiopathic apnea neonatorum, 93% of whom also had RDS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium therapy in premature neonates with apnea neonatorum.

Caddell

1988

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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Apnea, bradycardia, and neuromuscular hyperirritability have been associated with magnesium (Mg) deficiency in young human infants and weanling animals. This is a retrospective review of a clinical experience of Mg therapy among 200 premature neonates who showed physical and clinical chemical changes compatible with Mg deficiency. The 200 infants all had idiopathic apnea neonatorum, and 93% also had the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This review was conducted to learn whether Mg therapy was associated with a significant reduction in apnea. The author suggested that the dose of Mg be 0.4 mEq/kg body weight/day, as 50% MgSO4.7H2O intramuscularly (IM) for 5 days; or as 1.0 mEq/kg/day, as 10% MgCl2.6H2O by mouth for 2 or more weeks, with appropriate monitoring of plasma Mg values in all infants. Sixty-one infants received a minimum of 5 days of Mg by either route (mean, 11.4 +/- 0.9, Group A); five received 3-4 doses IM (mean, 3.6 +/- 0.2, Group B); and 134 received 0-2 doses IM (0.5 +/- 0.1, Group C). Group A infants Mg-treated before Day 20 showed earlier cessation of apnea and bradycardia than those treated after Day 20. In Group A patients, 7 dose-days [corrected] of Mg therapy was associated with continuation of apnea; 14 dose-days [corrected], with cessation of apnea. Compared with Group A, Group C continued to develop apnea (P less than .003) and bradycardia (P less than 0.03) over longer periods of time. Group A infants showed no record of death or of hospital readmission for recurrent apnea, while 32 of 134 Group C infants had one or both of those unfavorable outcomes (P less than 0.001), with four of the five deaths in Group C (NS) as the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In conclusion, Mg was associated with a reduction of apnea in this population. Emphasis was placed on the need to closely observe infants receiving supplementary Mg, with monitoring of plasma Mg levels.

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An evaluation of the electrolyte status of malnourished Thai children

Cited by 28 publications

References 12 publications

Magnesium status in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Magnesium status in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Magnesium in the Nutrition of the Child

Magnesium therapy in premature neonates with apnea neonatorum.

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