“…Most of the previous studies report that overall TQM practices have positively been related to productivity and manufacturing performance [4,5], quality performance [6][7][8][9], employee satisfaction/performance [3,7], innovation performance [3,9,10], customer satisfaction/results [5,7,11,12], competitive advantage [13,14], market share [15], financial performance [7,13,[16][17][18], and aggregate firm performance [1,3,11,14,[19][20][21][22][23]. However, some authors have found negative or insignificant results [15,24,25].…”