An evaluation of sampling methods and supporting techniques for tackling lead in drinking water in Alberta Province

Hayes, Colin; Croft, Nick; Phillips, Edith; Craik, Steve; Schock, Michael R.

doi:10.2166/aqua.2016.117

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The tendency of random daytime to yield greater lead levels compared with 30-min stagnation is consistent with previous studies (Baron, 2001;Hayes, Croft, Phillips, Craik, & Schock, 2016;Riblet et al, 2019;van den Hoven et al, 1999). Several studies have estimated true exposure by composite proportional sampling, wherein a portion of each volume of water drawn for dietetic consumption is retained for analysis; this protocol captures all the factors influencing average lead intake through drinking water (Riblet et al, 2019;van den Hoven et al, 1999).…”

Section: Comparison Of Four Sampling Protocolssupporting

confidence: 92%

Potential regulatory implications of Health Canada's new lead guideline

et al. 2020

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Health Canada's guideline for lead in drinking water was updated in March 2019. Two new sampling protocols were introduced—random daytime and 30‐min stagnation sampling—and the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of lead in drinking water was decreased from 10 to 5 μg/L. This study examined the possible impacts that changes in the guideline might have on water utilities in Canada. A lead‐monitoring survey of seven drinking water distribution systems was conducted using the random daytime and 30‐min stagnation protocols. Random daytime sampling captured an estimated 45% more lead than 30‐min stagnation sampling. However, both protocols yielded samples above the new MAC: 7.5% and 5.4% of random daytime and 30‐min stagnation samples, respectively, exceeded it. These data indicate that some drinking water providers—especially those supplying systems with legacy lead plumbing—may have difficulty achieving 100% compliance with the new guideline.

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Section: Comparison Of Four Sampling Protocolssupporting

confidence: 92%

Potential regulatory implications of Health Canada's new lead guideline

et al. 2020

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“…Potentially exacerbating the low concentrations of orthophosphate used in these systems is the presence of other metals that may outcompete lead to form complexes with the available phosphate, such as calcium and aluminum (DeSantis et al, 2012;Snoeyink et al, 2003;Wasserstrom et al, 2017). Amorphous aluminosilicate phases have also been found to occur on LSLs in systems without phosphate treatment (Hayes et al, 2016;Kim & Herrera, 2010;Kim, Herrera, Huggins, Braam, & Koshowski, 2011).…”

Section: Solubility Model Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, studies have not conclusively determined the factors causing the specific formation of observed Pb(II) orthophosphate solids such as Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH (hydroxypyromorphite), Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl (pyromorphite), or tertiary lead phosphates (Pb 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Pb 9 (PO 4 ) 6 ) (Hopwood et al, ). Furthermore, studies (DeSantis & Schock, ; Hayes, Croft, Phillips, Craik, & Schock, ; Kim & Herrera, ; Schock, Cantor, Triantafyllidou, Desantis, & Scheckel, ; Snoeyink et al, ; Wasserstrom, Miller, Triantafyllidou, Desantis, & Schock, ) have noted the extensive presence of amorphous solid phases in a number of drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). The conditions that govern when amorphous solid phases, rather than defined crystalline phases, form have not been systematically determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water quality–pipe deposit relationships in Midwestern lead pipes

2019

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The conventional wisdom of lead‐scale solubility has been built over the years by geochemical solubility models, experimental studies, and field sampling using multiple protocols. Rarely have the mineral phases from scales formed in real‐world drinking water lead service lines (LSLs) been compared with theoretical predictions. In this study, model predictions are compared with LSL scales from 22 drinking water distribution systems. The results show that only 9 of the 22 systems had LSL scales that followed model predictions. The remaining systems had unpredictable scales, some with unknown lead release characteristics, demonstrating that predicting scale formation and lead release solely by models cannot be relied on in all cases to protect human health. Therefore, for many systems with LSLs, pilot studies with existing LSL scales will be necessary to evaluate and optimize corrosion control, and correspondingly, appropriate residential water sampling will be needed to demonstrate consistent and optimal system corrosion control.

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“…The amount of water samples required to obtain a reliable water quality image, can also be obtained by statistical tests of power. With regard to these tests, the number of analysed water samples, according to Polish regulations, is several to several hundred times smaller [20]. Table 5 lists the required quantities of samples for monitoring heavy metals in distribution system, for three analysed systems, based on the various available guidelines.…”

Section: Number Of Collected Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of heavy metals monitoring, it's very important to take into account the accumulation of them in human organisms. That is why monitoring of heavy metals should be carried out in accordance with other principles which take into account the process of metal accumulation in consumer organisms [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. The approach to this problem in Poland is fundamentally different from the proper approach, which may give a true picture of water quality in the network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of heavy metals in selected Water Supply Systems in Poland, in relation to current regulations

et al. 2018

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Abstract.The study presents an analysis of water quality monitoring in terms of the content of heavy metals, which is conducted in three independent water supply systems in Poland. The analysis showed that the monitoring of heavy metals isn't reliable -both the quantity of tested water samples and the location of the monitoring points are the problem. The analysis of changes in water quality from raw water to tap water was possible only for one of the analysed systems and indicate a gradual deterioration of water quality, although still within acceptable limits of legal regulations.

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An evaluation of sampling methods and supporting techniques for tackling lead in drinking water in Alberta Province

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Potential regulatory implications of Health Canada's new lead guideline

Potential regulatory implications of Health Canada's new lead guideline

Water quality–pipe deposit relationships in Midwestern lead pipes

Monitoring of heavy metals in selected Water Supply Systems in Poland, in relation to current regulations

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