An evaluation of oxidative and nitrosative stress in children-who-stutter and its relationship to severity

Bilal, Nagihan; Sarıca, Selman; Kurutaş, Ergül Belge; Fındıklı, Ebru; Öner, Erkan; Doğaner, Adem; Kılıç, Mehmet

doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.05.011

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In addition, one study of nitric oxide in the blood of children who stuttered, by Bilal et al ( 2017 ), may be of great relevance in this context. The reported result is very striking, but the method of analysis appears to be relatively complicated, which implies that it needs to be confirmed before conclusions and hypotheses can be built on it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study analyzing blood samples for indications of oxidative and nitrosative stress was published by Bilal et al ( 2017 ), involving 40 children who stuttered, aged 3–17, and 40 children as the control group. The reported result was striking, with higher levels of all the reported compounds in the stuttering group.…”

Section: Arnt2 a Gene For Initiation Of Glycolysis In The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 3 In the article by Bilal et al ( 2017 ), the interquartile range was presented instead of standard deviations. For the calculation of Cohen’s d effect size, the standard deviations were estimated based on the method from Higgins and Green ( 2011 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Stuttering: A Disorder of Energy Supply to Neurons?

Alm

2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Stuttering is a disorder characterized by intermittent loss of volitional control of speech movements. This hypothesis and theory article focuses on the proposal that stuttering may be related to an impairment of the energy supply to neurons. Findings from electroencephalography (EEG), brain imaging, genetics, and biochemistry are reviewed: (1) Analyses of the EEG spectra at rest have repeatedly reported reduced power in the beta band, which is compatible with indications of reduced metabolism. (2) Studies of the absolute level of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) show conflicting findings, with two studies reporting reduced rCBF in the frontal lobe, and two studies, based on a different method, reporting no group differences. This contradiction has not yet been resolved. (3) The pattern of reduction in the studies reporting reduced rCBF corresponds to the regional pattern of the glycolytic index (GI; Vaishnavi et al., 2010). High regional GI indicates high reliance on non-oxidative metabolism, i.e., glycolysis. (4) Variants of the gene ARNT2 have been associated with stuttering. This gene is primarily expressed in the brain, with a pattern roughly corresponding to the pattern of regional GI. A central function of the ARNT2 protein is to act as one part of a sensor system indicating low levels of oxygen in brain tissue and to activate appropriate responses, including activation of glycolysis. (5) It has been established that genes related to the functions of the lysosomes are implicated in some cases of stuttering. It is possible that these gene variants result in a reduced peak rate of energy supply to neurons. (6) Lastly, there are indications of interactions between the metabolic system and the dopamine system: for example, it is known that acute hypoxia results in an elevated tonic level of dopamine in the synapses. Will mild chronic limitations of energy supply also result in elevated levels of dopamine? The indications of such interaction effects suggest that the metabolic theory of stuttering should be explored in parallel with the exploration of the dopaminergic theory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Arnt2 a Gene For Initiation Of Glycolysis In The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%