An Evaluation of Boulder Deposits along a Granite Coast Affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Using Revised Hydrodynamic Equations: Batu Ferringhi, Penang, Malaysia

Haslett, Simon K.; Wong, Bernardine R.

doi:10.1086/704255

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The tidal range in this site is microtidal (less than 2 m) [39]. The site is surrounded by Triassic biotite granite, which weathering product is manifested in the shore sediment, mixing with sand, silts, and even shells with some patches of gravel and granite boulders [9,11,39]. Meanwhile Site 2, Persiaran Bayan Indah, is anthropogenic land.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Site 1, Batu Ferringhi, is located on the north coast of Penang Island of the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia on the Malacca Strait. The tidal range in this site is microtidal (less than 2 m) [39]. The site is surrounded by Triassic biotite granite, which weathering product is manifested in the shore sediment, mixing with sand, silts, and even shells with some patches of gravel and granite boulders [9,11,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Between Natural and Anthropogenic Coastal Landforms: Insights from Ground Penetrating Radar and Sediment Analysis

et al. 2021

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Both natural and anthropogenic coastal landforms characterize Penang Island. As years have passed it is a challenge to differentiate the genuineness of landmasses created by natural geological formations or by coastal reclamation projects. An account is given of the environmental impact of solid wastes used for reclaiming land in coastal areas of Penang and of the impact of a major sewage outfall in the western channel. Leaching of heavy metals was shown to be one of the main sources of contamination from solid wastes. This paper presents eight lines of ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys and sediment analysis to identify the anthropogenic interventions that shaped the urban landscape of Penang Island by excavations, filling, and embankment construction along the coastline and differentiate it from the natural one. The surveys were implemented in two locations, the Batu Ferringhi area, representing the natural coastline, and Persiaran Bayan Indah (the Queensbay Mall area), representing the anthropogenic coastal landform. The apparent depth of penetration that was achieved using a 250-MHz antenna is limited (less than 5 m). The results show between natural and anthropogenic sediment recorded different radar facies. In complement mode, mean grain size distribution, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis graphics of sediment samples from both sites correspond with the GPR data. This technique can likely be applied to the developing coast, where natural and anthropogenic coastal landform data is incomplete, considering future coastline development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Between Natural and Anthropogenic Coastal Landforms: Insights from Ground Penetrating Radar and Sediment Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…From experience, it is assumed that these represent the a and b axes of the boulder, the longest and intermediate axes respectively, with the shorter c axis being perpendicular to the image and, so, unmeasurable. These boulder measurements, along with a general figure for the density of the lithology, an estimate for the c axes, and a typical shore slope of 10°, were used in the revised hydrodynamic equations of Haslett & Wong (2019), based on those of Nott (2003) and Nandesena et al (2011), who provide a full explanation of the equations used. These equations estimate the wave height required to transport each boulder under storm (H storm ) or tsunami (H t ) conditions for sub-aerial, submerged, and joint-bounded pre-transport settings (see Nott, 2003).…”

Section: Study Area and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconnaissance survey of coastal boulders in the Moro Gulf (Philippines) using Google Earth imagery: Initial insights into Celebes Sea tsunami events

Haslett¹,

Coastal²,

Wong³

2019

BGSM

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A recent study has suggested that palaeo-tsunami events in the South China Sea may have attained wave heights of up to 15 m. One method for investigating palaeo-tsunami along coastlines is the study of boulders that, through measurement and the use of hydrodynamic equations, may assist in understanding wave heights. An area with known high magnitude tsunami is the eastern coast of Moro Gulf on the island of Mindanao (Philippines) in the Celebes Sea, where a damaging tsunami of up to 9 m high occurred in 1976. This study undertakes a reconnaissance of the coastline using Google Earth imagery and, appreciating limitations, identifies two potential coastal sites with presumed wave-transported boulders near Namat and Sedem, c. 10 and 55 km from the 1976 earthquake epicentre respectively. Using Google Earth tools, 12 boulders were measured and, with some estimated parameters, heights calculated for both tsunami and storm waves required to transport the boulders. This preliminary analysis indicates that four of the boulders may have been transported by storm activity, but all 12 boulders could have been transported by the 1976 tsunami. Indeed, the orientation of the majority of boulders indicates a flow direction consistent with the location of the 1976 earthquake epicentre. Furthermore, there is no evidence presented in this preliminary analysis to suggest that a tsunami of a magnitude greater than the 1976 event has affected this coastline. An hypothesis is concluded that could be used to guide future fieldwork in this regionally important area of natural hazard studies. Abstrak: Satu kajian baru-baru ini menunjukkan bahawa peristiwa palaeo-tsunami di Laut China Selatan mungkin telah mencapai ketinggian gelombang sehingga 15 m. Satu kaedah untuk menyiasat palaeo-tsunami di sepanjang garis pantai adalah kajian batu-batan yang, melalui pengukuran dan penggunaan persamaan hidrodinamik, dapat membantu dalam memahami ketinggian gelombang. Kawasan yang pernah dilanda tsunami magnitud yang tinggi adalah pantai timur Teluk Moro di pulau Mindanao (Filipina) di Laut Celebes, di mana tsunami dahsyat setinggi 9 m berlaku pada tahun 1976. Kajian ini melakukan peninjauan garis pantai dengan menggunakan imejan Google Earth dan, peka terhadap ketidakpastian yang wujud, mengenalpasti dua tapak pantai yang berpotensi dengan batu yang berkemungkinan diangkut gelombang berhampiran Namat pada 10 km dan Sedem pada 55 km dari pusat gempa bumi. Dengan menggunakan alat Google Earth, 12 buah batu diukur dan, dengan menganggarkan beberapa parameter, ketinggian dapat dikira untuk kedua-dua gelombang tsunami dan ribut yang diperlukan untuk mengangkut batu tersebut. Analisis pendahuluan ini menunjukkan bahawa empat buah batu mungkin telah diangkut oleh aktiviti ribut, tetapi kesemua 12 buah batu boleh diangkut oleh tsunami tahun 1976. Malah, orientasi majoriti batu menandakan arah aliran yang konsisten dengan lokasi pusat gempa bumi tahun 1976. Selain itu, tiada bukti yang dibentangkan dalam analisis awal ini untuk mencadangkan bahawa tsunami ber...

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“…Nonetheless, it is evident that the knowledge of Quaternary coastal boulders is much wider. For instance, these have been reported from many localities of the Mediterranean, including (but not limited to) Istria [7], Sicily [24], northern Egypt [27], Malta [72], Ibiza [73], Crete [74], Lesvos [75], southern France [76], and Apulia [77]. Better to say, boulders and their accumulations are found on the majority of coasts of the Mediterranean Sea.…”

Section: Further Inferencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Boulder Deposits Linked to Late Neogene Hurricane Events

2021

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An Evaluation of Boulder Deposits along a Granite Coast Affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Using Revised Hydrodynamic Equations: Batu Ferringhi, Penang, Malaysia

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

Between Natural and Anthropogenic Coastal Landforms: Insights from Ground Penetrating Radar and Sediment Analysis

Between Natural and Anthropogenic Coastal Landforms: Insights from Ground Penetrating Radar and Sediment Analysis

Reconnaissance survey of coastal boulders in the Moro Gulf (Philippines) using Google Earth imagery: Initial insights into Celebes Sea tsunami events

Evaluation of Boulder Deposits Linked to Late Neogene Hurricane Events

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