An Ethogram of the Toad-headed Lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii during the  Breeding Season

Qi, Yin; Li, Shasha; Suo, Langduoerji; Li, Hua; Wang, Yuezhao

doi:10.3724/sp.j.1245.2011.00110

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Some behaviors observed in P. montium are similar to lizards of the Teiidae family, the sister clade of Gymnophthalmidae, and to some non-related lizards like iguanids and lacertids [ 11 , 42 , 48 , 53 , 54 ]. This confirms that visual communication and multimodal signaling, or the combinatorial usage of more than one communication modality, are widespread across Squamata.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Signaling in the Semi-Fossorial Lizard Pholidobolus montium (Gymnophthalmidae)

Poma-Soto

Narváez²,

Romero‐Carvajal

2021

Animals

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It has been suggested that gymnophthalmids, like most semi-fossorial lacertoids, rely more in chemical cues to communicate, in comparison to other groups, like Iguanids, on which communication is mostly based on visual signaling. We present the first description of visual signaling in the Andean lizard Pholidobolusmontium (Gymnophthalmidae) and a complete ethogram based on ex situ observations (34 different types of behaviors including positions and simple movements). Through the design of conspecific stimulus experiments, we were able to recognize leg-waving as a visual signal, as it is only displayed in presence of conspecifics or in presence of a mirror and was one of first and most frequent displays in this context. We also detected other visual displays like neck-arching and tail-undulation which may also be relevant as visual signals. Based on our results, we propose that visual signaling is also possible in semi-fossorial lizards; however, further studies regarding chemical signal recognition and color detection are required to confirm our hypothesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Signaling in the Semi-Fossorial Lizard Pholidobolus montium (Gymnophthalmidae)

Poma-Soto

Narváez²,

Romero‐Carvajal

2021

Animals

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“…For example, Phrynocephalus lizards are highly territorial, and malemale combat is common in the wild. During the reproductive period, males make courtships and females choose to resist or mate (Qi et al 2011). Therefore, the larger head sizes and limb length may be advantageous in encountering competitors and defending territory, thus enhancing the mating success (Sinervo et al 2018;Liang et al 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trophic niche and adaptation in highland lizards: sex has greater influences than species matching

YANG,

QU,

TANG

et al. 2023

Integr. Zool.

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The plateau environments are typically arid, cool, and high altitude, posing formidable challenges to wildlife survival due to resource scarcity and harsh conditions. Unraveling ecological adaptability in severe conditions requires a deeper understanding of the niche characteristics of plateau species. Trophic niche, which is a comprehensive indicator describing the energy acquisition strategy of animals, remains relatively understudied in plateau species. Here, by combining stable isotopes and morphological data, we quantified the trophic niches of two allopatric lizard species (Phrynocephalus vlangalii and P. erythrurus) that live in the hinterland of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and explored how their trophic niches correlate with morphological and environmental factors. While both trophic niche and morphological traits were similar between species, noteworthy distinctions were observed between male and female Phrynocephalus lizards. The morphological traits associated with predation (i.e. limb length and head size) and reproduction (i.e. abdomen length), annual mean temperature, and sex played influential roles in shifting trophic niches. These results imply that sexual dimorphism may facilitate inter‐sex divergence in resource utilization, leading to trophic niche variations in the highland lizards. Furthermore, extreme environmental stress can constrain interspecific divergence in morphological and trophic traits. Our findings illustrate the dynamic variations of trophic niches in highland lizards, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the adaptation strategies employed by lizard species in plateau environments.

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“…The number of behavioral patterns of A. davidianus is similar to that of aquatic animals (43 patterns of Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis [15] and 46 patterns of Schizothorax wangchiachii [16]). However, when compared with reptiles (66 patterns of Sacalia bealei [32] and 83 patterns of Phrynocephalus vlangalii [14]), mammals (98 patterns of Panthera tigris altaica [10]; 78 patterns of Capricornis sumatraensis [11]), and birds (83 patterns of Rostratula benghalensis [12]; 120 patterns of Mergus squamatus [13]), there is a greater difference in the number of behavioral patterns among them. This difference may be related to their evolutionary rank and living environment [16].…”

Section: Pae Coding System and Ethogrammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is convenient to store behavior data in data recorders and computers for analysis and processing [4]. The system has been widely used in beasts, such as the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) [10] and the mainland serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) [11]; birds, such as the painted snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) [12] and scaly-sided merganser (Mergus squamatus) [13]; and reptiles, such as the toad-headed lizard (Phrynocephalus vlangalii) [14]. It has also been reported in aquatic animals, such as Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) [15] and Schizothorax wangchiachii [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethogram of the Chinese Giant Salamander during the Breeding Period Based on the PAE Coding System

Luo,

Wang,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Animals

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The PAE (Posture-Act-Environment) coding system is a behavior coding system that divides the study of animal behavior into postures, actions, and the corresponding environmental factors, and they are coded correspondingly. It determines the analysis dimension to standardize the study of behavior. To investigate the behavior of A. davidianus during the breeding period, as well as their related postures, actions, and required environmental conditions, this study monitored the behavior of four pairs of A. davidianus in a simulated natural breeding pool using an infrared image monitoring system and recorded the changes in water quality during this process using a water quality monitoring system. The process of reproductive behaviors was observed and recorded with the random sampling method and the focal animal sampling method to classify and code the behaviors, and the ethogram of A. davidianus during the breeding period was constructed based on the PAE coding system. The result showed that 10 postures, 33 actions, 11 environments, and 45 behavioral patterns were differentiated and defined, which were classified into 9 categories of behaviors according to the behavioral function. Among these categories, five were distinguished as behaviors unique to the reproductive period, which include sand pushing, showering, courtship, oviposition, and parental care. The remaining four categories were daily behaviors: exercise, feeding, rest, and miscellaneous behaviors. The quantitative data on water quality and habitat factors that had a significant impact on the behavior of A. davidianus, such as water temperature (WT), pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO), were included in the coding framework, which more accurately expresses the environmental conditions and thresholds required for the breeding behavior.

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An Ethogram of the Toad-headed Lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii during the Breeding Season

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Visual Signaling in the Semi-Fossorial Lizard Pholidobolus montium (Gymnophthalmidae)

Visual Signaling in the Semi-Fossorial Lizard Pholidobolus montium (Gymnophthalmidae)

Trophic niche and adaptation in highland lizards: sex has greater influences than species matching

Ethogram of the Chinese Giant Salamander during the Breeding Period Based on the PAE Coding System

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