An Ethics Evaluation Tool for Automating Ethical Decision-Making in Robots and Self-Driving Cars

Millar, Jason

doi:10.1080/08839514.2016.1229919

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As a further alternative, a form of a hybrid between the moral Turing test and a straight logical approach has been suggested. Because ethical dilemmas do not necessarily have objective answers, but significant ethical implications for the user, key elements for solving the question how ADVs should behave are therefore ethicists as experts for ethical evaluations of robotics (Millar, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Decisions in Moral Dilemmas are Largely Described by Utilitarianism: Virtual Car Driving Study Provides Guidelines for Autonomous Driving Vehicles

et al. 2018

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Ethical thought experiments such as the trolley dilemma have been investigated extensively in the past, showing that humans act in utilitarian ways, trying to cause as little overall damage as possible. These trolley dilemmas have gained renewed attention over the past few years, especially due to the necessity of implementing moral decisions in autonomous driving vehicles (ADVs). We conducted a set of experiments in which participants experienced modified trolley dilemmas as drivers in virtual reality environments. Participants had to make decisions between driving in one of two lanes where different obstacles came into view. Eventually, the participants had to decide which of the objects they would crash into. Obstacles included a variety of human-like avatars of different ages and group sizes. Furthermore, the influence of sidewalks as potential safe harbors and a condition implicating self-sacrifice were tested. Results showed that participants, in general, decided in a utilitarian manner, sparing the highest number of avatars possible with a limited influence by the other variables. Derived from these findings, which are in line with the utilitarian approach in moral decision making, it will be argued for an obligatory ethics setting implemented in ADVs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Decisions in Moral Dilemmas are Largely Described by Utilitarianism: Virtual Car Driving Study Provides Guidelines for Autonomous Driving Vehicles

et al. 2018

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“…Loh and Loh (2017) argue that responsibility should be shared among the engineers, the driver and the autonomous driving system itself. However, Millar (2016) suggests that the user of the technology, in this case the passenger in the self-driving car, should be able to decide what ethical or behavioural principles the robot ought to follow. Using the example of doctors, who do not have the moral authority to make important decisions on end-of-life care without the informed consent of their patients, he argues that there would be a moral outcry if engineers designed cars without either asking the driver directly for their input, or informing the user ahead of time how the car is programmed to behave in certain situations.…”

Section: Legal and Ethical Responsibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Asking for the passenger's input in every situation would be impractical. However, Millar (2016) suggests a 'setup' procedure where people could choose their ethics settings after purchasing a new car. Nonetheless, choosing how the car reacts in advance could be seen as premeditated harm, if, for example a user programmed their vehicle to always avoid vehicle collisions by swerving into cyclists.…”

Section: Ethical Dilemmas In Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Umjetna inteligencija kao segment strategije ili značenje (uloga) umjetne inteligencije u strategijskom planiranju

Anić¹,

Anić²

2021

NSF

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Umjetna inteligencija (UI), engl. Artificial intelligence – (AI) zasigurno je najrazvikanija i najrasprostranjenija riječ u područjima znanstvenog istraživanja u proteklih nekoliko godina te je postala najzanimljivije područje razvoja. Pravovremeno prepoznavanje UI kao strategijskog opredjeljenja i investicijskog ulaganja jedno je od najzanimljivijih, ali najsloženijih područja ekonomske teorije i prakse. Usko povezana s procesom društveno ekonomskog razvitka investicija svojim multiplikativnim djelovanjem na gospodarstvo kao cjelinu, bitno opredjeljuje praktično sve ekonomske tokove pa i stanja. Strategijsko planiranje bi svakako trebalo podrazumijevati investicijsko ulaganje u UI te se u značajnoj mjeri koristiti kao mehanizam alokacije raspoloživih resursa posebno u malome gospodarstvu koje ima ograničene prirodne i privredne resurse kao što je hrvatsko.

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“…Due to that gap, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [40] was considered as a necessary approach to the effective regulation of AI according its impact on society. [41] The proposal puts forth a set of general specifications to be considered in a system aimed at assessing robots during their construction. Different elements are taken into account in the suggested specifications, such as the user's emotional state.…”

Section: Intelligent Model To Regulate Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Intelligence Regulation: A Meta-Framework for Formulation and Governance

Almeida¹,

Santos²,

Farias³

2020

Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences

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This article presents a meta-framework for Artificial Intelligence (AI) regulation that encompasses all stages of international public policy-making, from formulation to sustainable governance. Based on a vast systematic review of the literature on Artificial Intelligence Regulation (AIR) published between 2009 and 2019, a dispersed body of knowledge organized under the label "framework" was identified, containing 15 unique frameworks and several different theories that created a complex scientific scenario for research and practice. Theories and principles as diverse as Agile and Ethics were found. Thus, a structured analytical method was followed to integrate this bulk of knowledge into a cohesive, synthetic, and generic theoretical tool. The resulting "AIR framework" provides a trustworthy lens for societies to think collectively and make informed policy decisions related to what, when, and how the uses and applications of AI should be regulated. Moreover, the novel framework organizes the latest developments in the area in a format that allows future research to be framed in and added to the published literature. The (potential) impacts of AI on society are immense, and therefore the discourses, social negotiations, and applications of this technology should be guided by common grounds in terms of terminology, governance, and social values.

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An Ethics Evaluation Tool for Automating Ethical Decision-Making in Robots and Self-Driving Cars

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Human Decisions in Moral Dilemmas are Largely Described by Utilitarianism: Virtual Car Driving Study Provides Guidelines for Autonomous Driving Vehicles

Human Decisions in Moral Dilemmas are Largely Described by Utilitarianism: Virtual Car Driving Study Provides Guidelines for Autonomous Driving Vehicles

Umjetna inteligencija kao segment strategije ili značenje (uloga) umjetne inteligencije u strategijskom planiranju

Artificial Intelligence Regulation: A Meta-Framework for Formulation and Governance

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