An Ethical Reflection on the Application of Cyber Technologies in the Field of Healthcare

Conti, Adelaide; Azzalini, Elena; Amici, Cinzia; Cappellini, Valter; Faglia, Rodolfo; Delbon, Paola

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61276-8_92

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Increasingly, autonomous systems are being developed and deployed in situations that may require some degree of ethical decision-making ability. Some well-discussed examples include autonomous weapons for warfare [5-7, 55, 62, 97]; professional service robots for healthcare and elderly care [3,4,30,92]; sex robots for therapy or personal pleasure [38,39,54]; and self-driving vehicles for transportation [16,42,93].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increasingly, autonomous systems are being developed and deployed in situations that may require some degree of ethical decision-making ability. Some well-discussed examples include autonomous weapons for warfare (Arkin, 2008a,b;Krishnan, 2009;Tonkens, 2012;Hellström, 2013;Asaro, 2020); professional service robots for healthcare and elderly care (Anderson et al, 2006;Anderson and Anderson, 2008;Sharkey and Sharkey, 2012;Conti et al, 2017); sex robots for therapy or personal pleasure (Eichenberg et al, 2019;Headleand et al, 2020;Döring et al, 2020); and self-driving vehicles for transportation (Bhargava and Kim, 2017;Sommaggio and Marchiori, 2018;Evans et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moral dilemmas for moral machines

LaCroix

2022

AI Ethics

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Autonomous systems are being developed and deployed in situations that may require some degree of ethical decision-making ability. As a result, research in machine ethics has proliferated in recent years. This work has included using moral dilemmas as validation mechanisms for implementing decision-making algorithms in ethically-loaded situations. Using trolley-style problems in the context of autonomous vehicles as a case study, I argue (1) that this is a misapplication of philosophical thought experiments because (2) it fails to appreciate the purpose of moral dilemmas, and (3) this has potentially catastrophic consequences; however, (4) there are uses of moral dilemmas in machine ethics that are appropriate and the novel situations that arise in a machine-learning context can shed some light on philosophical work in ethics.

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“…Increasingly, autonomous systems are being developed and deployed in situations that may require some degree of ethical decision-making ability. Some well-discussed examples include autonomous weapons for warfare [5-7, 55, 62, 97]; professional service robots for healthcare and elderly care [3,4,30,92]; sex robots for therapy or personal pleasure [38,39,54]; and self-driving vehicles for transportation [16,42,93].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increasingly, autonomous systems are being developed and deployed in situations that may require some degree of ethical decision-making ability. Some well-discussed examples include autonomous weapons for warfare (Arkin, 2008a,b;Krishnan, 2009;Tonkens, 2012;Hellström, 2013;Asaro, 2020); professional service robots for healthcare and elderly care (Anderson et al, 2006;Anderson and Anderson, 2008;Sharkey and Sharkey, 2012;Conti et al, 2017); sex robots for therapy or personal pleasure (Eichenberg et al, 2019;Headleand et al, 2020;Döring et al, 2020); and self-driving vehicles for transportation (Bhargava and Kim, 2017;Sommaggio and Marchiori, 2018;Evans et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moral dilemmas for moral machines

LaCroix

2022

AI Ethics

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“…For instance, the training delivery period stated among the management attributes hides the concept of final user and expected technical skills of the operator. Besides, if the analyzed robot is expected to be integrated into a rehabilitation device, the usability of the machine becomes particularly relevant, since the final user could be the trained clinician, but also the patient or the caregiver [ 35 , 36 ]. In this context, also maintenance and vendor’s service quality assume a remarkable importance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Robot Selection Problem for Mini-Parallel Kinematic Machines: A Task-Driven Approach to the Selection Attributes Identification

2020

Self Cite

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In the last decades, the Robot Selection Problem (RSP) has been widely investigated, and the importance of properly structuring the decision problem has been stated. Crucial aspect in this process is the correct identification of the robot attributes, which should be limited in number as much as possible, but should be also able to detect at best the peculiar requirements of specific applications. Literature describes several attributes examples, but mainly dedicated to traditional industrial tasks, and applied to the selection of conventional industrial robots. After a synthetic review of the robot attributes depicted in the RSP literature, presented with a custom taxonomy, this paper proposes a set of possible requirements for the selection problem of small scale parallel kinematic machines (PKMs). The RSP is based on a task-driven approach: two mini-manipulators are compared as equivalent linear actuators to be integrated within a more complex system, for the application in both an industrial and a biomedical environment. The set of identified criteria for the two environments is proposed in the results and investigated with respect to working conditions and context in the discussion, emphasizing limits and strength points of this approach; finally, the conclusions synthesizes the main results.

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“…If the model 'decides' to open with the Queen's Gambit, this is not a moral decision under any definition of 'morality'. In contrast, the decisions made by an autonomous weapon system (Arkin, 2008a,b;Krishnan, 2009;Tonkens, 2012;Hellström, 2013;Asaro, 2020), a healthcare robot (Anderson et al, 2006;Anderson and Anderson, 2008;Sharkey and Sharkey, 2012;Conti et al, 2017), or an autonomous vehicle (Bhargava and Kim, 2017;Sommaggio and Marchiori, 2018;Evans et al, 2020) may have moral weight. In these cases, the action space may include decision points that we might call 'moral' or 'immoral'-for example, choosing to prioritise one patient over another.…”

Section: Moral Benchmarks For Ai Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metaethical Perspectives on 'Benchmarking' AI Ethics

LaCroix¹,

Luccioni²

2022

Preprint

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Benchmarks are seen as the cornerstone for measuring technical progress in Artificial Intelligence (AI) research and have been developed for a variety of tasks ranging from question answering to facial recognition. An increasingly prominent research area in AI is ethics, which currently has no set of benchmarks nor commonly accepted way for measuring the 'ethicality' of an AI system. In this paper, drawing upon research in moral philosophy and metaethics, we argue that it is impossible to develop such a benchmark. As such, alternative mechanisms are necessary for evaluating whether an AI system is 'ethical'. This is especially pressing in light of the prevalence of applied, industrial AI research. We argue that it makes more sense to talk about 'values' (and 'value alignment') rather than 'ethics' when considering the possible actions of present and future AI systems. We further highlight that, because values are unambiguously relative, focusing on values forces us to consider explicitly what the values are and whose values they are. Shifting the emphasis from ethics to values therefore gives rise to several new ways of understanding how researchers might advance research programmes for robustly safe or beneficial AI. We conclude by highlighting a number of possible ways forward for the field as a whole, and we advocate for different approaches towards more value-aligned AI research.

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An Ethical Reflection on the Application of Cyber Technologies in the Field of Healthcare

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Moral dilemmas for moral machines

Moral dilemmas for moral machines

The Robot Selection Problem for Mini-Parallel Kinematic Machines: A Task-Driven Approach to the Selection Attributes Identification

Metaethical Perspectives on 'Benchmarking' AI Ethics

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