An Estimation of the Radiative Effect in the Stratosphere due to the Pinatubo Aerosol

Shibata, Kiyotaka; Uchino, Osamu; Kamiyama, Takehisa; McCormick, M. P.

doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.74.6_763

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…During southern colder winters, in the southern polar region, there also appears, though very weak, a warming area, which is in sharp contrast to a cooling area during northern winters in the northern polar region. Similar distinct contrast between the two winter hemispheres can be seen in the evaluation of the radiative effect of volcanic sulfate aerosol (Shibata et al, 1996).…”

Section: Radiative Heatingsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Consider an equilibrated stratosphere (control stratosphere) in which the vertical profile of background sulfate aerosol is fixed and temporal variation is due to cyclic seasonal march alone. Then, the above equation is written as atQ-Q For another equilibrium stratosphere(perturbed stratosphere) of increased background aerosol, the equation becomes aTpQ DQ +R (3) tpp Here the framework of FDH is used to investigate only the radiative effect (Ramanathan and Dickinson, 1979;Fels et al, 1980;Ramanathan et al, 1983;Pawson and Shine, 1991;Shine, 1993;Ramaswamy and Bowen, 1994;Shibata et al, 1996). That is, Q=QD.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the Increase in Stratospheric Background Sulfate Aerosol on Stratospheric Temperature

Shibata

1997

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Balloon, lidar and satellite observations indicate that the concentration of stratospheric background sulfate aerosol is gradually and globally increasing due to anthropogenic and/or natural causes. By considering the above fact, this study investigates the extent to which the background aerosol increase can change the stratospheric temperature through the perturbation in radiative heating alone. The temperature change is evaluated with a seasonally-marched, fixed dynamical heating model, which prescribes tropospheric conditions and stratospheric dynamical heating. Radiative perturbation and hence temperature perturbation respond linearly to doubled and tripled background levels, the stratospheric loads of which are 0.0087 and 0.0174, respectively, at 0.55um. The doubled background level yields radiative forcings of about -0.18, 0.03 and-0.15Wm-2 for solar, terrestrial and net radiation, respectively. For the tripled background level, the middle and lower stratosphere in low latitudes warms by about 0.15K due primarily to the perturbation of terrestrial radiation with very weak annual oscillation. In high latitudes, on the other hand, the middle and lower stratosphere cools by about 0.15K due primarily to the perturbation of solar radiation with pronounced semiannual oscillation (maxima around solstice and minima around equinox) of about 0.1K. The causes of the latitudinal difference and the interhemispheric difference are described in relation to the background temperature and its seasonal march.

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Section: Radiative Heatingsupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Increase in Stratospheric Background Sulfate Aerosol on Stratospheric Temperature

Shibata

1997

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Radiative impact of the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption: Lower stratospheric response

Ramachandran¹,

Ramaswamy²,

Stenchikov³

et al. 2000

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. Volcanic aerosols in the stratosphere produce significant transitory solar and infrared radiative perturbations, which warm the stratosphere, cool the surface and affect stratospheric circulation. In this study, using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory SKYHI general circulation model (GCM) with a high vertical resolution and a recently improved radiative transfer code, we investigate the aerosol radiative forcing and the stratospheric temperature response for the June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo eruption, the most well observed and largest volcanic eruption of the 20th Century. The investigation is carried out using an updated, comprehensive monthly and zonal-mean Pinatubo aerosol spectral optical properties data set. While the near-infrared solar spectral effects contribute substantially to the total stratospheric heating due to aerosols, over the entire global domain the longwave component exceeds the solar in causing a warming of the lower stratosphere (30-100 hPa). In contrast, the magnitude of the solar perturbation (increased reflection) in the overall surface-atmosphere radiative heat balance exceeds that due to the longwave (infrared trapping effect). The troposphere affects the stratospheric radiative forcing, mainly because of the dependence of the reflected solar and upward longwave radiation on cloudiness, and this adds to the uncertainty in the calculation of the stratospheric temperature response. A four-member ensemble of 2-year GCM integrations (June 1991 to May 1993) were performed using fixed sea surface temperatures and a cloud prediction scheme, one set with and another without the volcanic aerosols. The temperature of the tropical lower stratosphere increases by a statistically significant 3 K, which is almost I K less than in previous investigations that employed coarser vertical resolution in the stratosphere, but is still larger than observed. In the low latitudes the evolution of the simulated temperature response •nimics that observed only through about the first year. Thereafter, despite a significant aerosol optical depth perturbation in the tropical atmosphere, there is a lack of a signature in the temperature response that can be unambiguously attributed to the Pinatubo aerosols, suggesting other forced or unforced variations (e.g., ozone changes, quasi-biennial oscillation) occurring in the actual atmosphere which are unaccounted for in the model. In the high latitudes the large interannual variability prohibits a clear quantitative comparison between simulated and observed temperature changes and renders the aerosol-induced thermal signals statistically insignificant. In the global mean the evolution of the simulated lower stratospheric temperature response is in excellent agremnent with the observation for the entire 2-year period, in contrast to the model-observation comparison at the low latitudes. This arises because in the global mean the stratospheric response is not sensitive to dynamical adjustments within the atmosphere caused by internal variations, and dep...

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Radiative forcing from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption

Stenchikov¹,

Kirchner²,

Robock³

et al. 1998

J. Geophys. Res.

375

390

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Abstract. Volcanic sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere produce significant long-term solar and infrared radiative perturbations in the Earth's atmosphere and at the surface, which cause a response of the climate system. Here we study the fundamental process of the development of this volcanic radiative forcing, focusing on the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 15, 1991. We develop a spectral-, space-, and time-dependent set of aerosol parameters for 2 years after the Pinatubo eruption using a combination of SAGE II aerosol extinctions and UARS-retrieved effective radii, supported by SAM II, AVHRR, lidar and balloon observations. Using these data, we calculate the aerosol radiative forcing with the ECHAM4 general circulation model (GCM) for cases with climatological and observed sea surface temperature (SST), as well as with and without climate response. We find that the aerosol radiative forcing is not sensitive to the climate variations caused by SST or the atmospheric response to the aerosols, except in regions with varying dense cloudiness. The solar forcing in the near infrared contributes substantially to the total stratospheric heating. A complete formulation of radiative forcing should include not only changes of net fluxes at the tropopause but also the vertical distribution of atmospheric heating rates and the change of downward thermal and net solar radiative fluxes at the surface. These forcing and aerosol data are available for GCM experiments with any spatial and spectral resolution.

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An Estimation of the Radiative Effect in the Stratosphere due to the Pinatubo Aerosol

Abstract: The global distribution of the Pinatubo aerosol in the stratosphere is constructed for optical thickness at 1µm by combining satellite

Cited by 4 publications

References 57 publications

Effect of the Increase in Stratospheric Background Sulfate Aerosol on Stratospheric Temperature

Effect of the Increase in Stratospheric Background Sulfate Aerosol on Stratospheric Temperature

Radiative impact of the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption: Lower stratospheric response

Radiative forcing from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption

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