An estimation–Based optimal scheduling model for settable renewable penetration level in energy hubs

A Comprehensive Review of the Design and Operation Optimization of Energy Hubs and Their Interaction with the Markets and External Networks

“…Energy generation technologies of the electricity carrier interact with the generation technologies of other energy carriers and can be combined with other generation technologies such as diesel generators, natural gas generators, and fuel cells. In addition, power-to-gas (P2G) is considered in [23], while gas-fired generation is also included in [49]. Hydrogen by means of fuel cells is used to produce not only electricity, but also thermal energy, as seen in [50].…”

“…Boundaries of the active and reactive power in the transmission lines [46,49,54] Gas flow equations in active and passive pipelines [49,97] Single direction for the flow of energy in pipeline and pipeline capacity [101] Nodal limitations at the EH level Mass balances for each node [22,86] End-users constraints [88,90] Active and reactive power balance equations in the hub [27,106] Maximum and minimum nodal voltages, maximum and minimum gas pressure, maximum and minimum supply and return temperature [19,30,49] Constraint on feed-in power when grid security concerns [92] Market constraints are presented in Table 10, and they are less commonly encountered in the reviewed documents. They are sometimes used to represent the estimation of the internal price in models, including P2P energy sharing.…”

“…Inequality constraints about the trading and the platform service charge [52] Target the renewable penetration level [49] ε-constraint (parametric optimization method) and ICC [104] The identification of constraints is a critical step when formulating the optimization problem of the EHs due to the complexity of the system itself. The literature shows that the identification of operational constraints is dominant for both the EH per se and for the efficient operation of the upper grid.…”

Robust management and optimization strategy of energy hub based on uncertainties probability modelling in the presence of demand response programs

“…By reviewing the previous literature, in addition to recognizing the challenges facing the idea of an EH, the proposed method can be presented with high efficiency [1–23]. One of the most important factors in the operation of the EH is increasing the penetration rate of renewable sources.…”

“…The hub is meant as an activity centre, and therefore the energy hub is any place where the activities of the energy system such as generation, conversion, storage, and consumption of various energy carriers take place [3,4]. Multi-carrier energy systems are a suitable solution to improve and increase energy distribution reliability, and they also provide suitable conditions for the technical and economic operation of the energy distribution systems [5]. The energy hub as the input and output port based on the coupling matrix in the multi-carrier energy distribution system describes the relationship between energy generation and consumption [6].…”