An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

Slik, J. W. Ferry; Arroyo‐Rodríguez, Víctor; Aiba, Shin‐ichiro; Álvarez-Loayza, Patricia; Alves, Luciana F.; Ashton, Peter S.; Balvanera, Patricia; Bastian, Meredith L.; Bellingham, Peter J.; Berg, Eduardo van den; Bernacci, Luís Carlos; Bispo, Polyanna da Conceição; Blanc, Lilian; Böhning‐Gaese, Katrin; Boeckx, Pascal; Bongers, Frans; Boyle, Brad; Bradford, Matt; Brearley, Francis Q.; Hockemba, Mireille Breuer‐Ndoundou; Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh; Matos, Darley Calderado Leal; Castillo-Santiago, Miguel Ángel; Catharino, Eduardo Luı́s Martins; Chai, Shauna-Lee; Chen, Yukai; Colwell, Robert K.; Chazdon, Robin L.; Clark, Connie J.; Clark, David B.; Clark, Deborah A.; Culmsee, Heike; Damas, Kipiro; Dattaraja, H. S.; Dauby, Gilles; Davidar, Priya; DeWalt, Saara J.; Doucet, Jean‐Louis; Duque, Álvaro; Durigan, Giselda; Eichhorn, Karl A. O.; Eisenlohr, Pedro V.; Eler, Eduardo Schmidt; Ewango, Corneille; Farwig, Nina; Feeley, Kenneth J.; Ferreira, Leandro Valle; Field, Richard; Filho, Ary Teixeira de Oliveira; Fletcher, Christine; Forshed, Olle; Franco, Geraldo Antônio Daher Corrêa; Fredriksson, Gabriella; Gillespie, Thomas W.; Gillet, Jean‐François; Amarnath, Giriraj; Griffith, Daniel M.; Grogan, James; Gunatilleke, Nimal; Harris, David J.; Harrison, Rhett D.; Héctor, Andy; Homeier, Jürgen; Imai, Noriko; Itoh, Akira; Jansen, Patrick A.; Joly, Carlos Alfredo; Jong, Bernardus Hendricus jozeph De; Kartawinata, Kuswata; Kearsley, Elizabeth; Kelly, Daniel L.; Kenfack, David; Kessler, Michael; Kitayama, Kanehiro; Kooyman, Robert M.; Larney, Eileen; Laumonier, Yves; Laurance, Susan G.; Laurance, William F.; Lawes, Michael J.; Amaral, Iêda Leão do; Letcher, Susan G.; Lindsell, Jeremy A.; Lu, Xinghui; Mansor, Asyraf; Marjokorpi, Antti; Martin, Emanuel H.; Meilby, Henrik; Melo, Felipe P. L.; Metcalfe, Daniel J.; Medjibe, Vincent P.; Metzger, Jean Paul; Millet, Jérôme; Mohandass, D.; Montero, Juan Carlos; Valeriano, Márcio de Morisson; Mugerwa, Badru; Nagamasu, Hidetoshi; Nilus, Reuben; Ochoa-Gaona, Susana; Onrizal, Onrizal; Page, Navendu; Parolin, Pia; Parren, Marc; Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy; Paudel, Ekananda; Permana, Andrea; Piedade, Maria Teresa Fernandez; Pitman, Nigel C. A.; Poorter, Lourens; Poulsen, Axel Dalberg; Poulsen, John R.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Prasad, Rama Chandra; Puyravaud, Jean‐Philippe; Razafimahaimodison, Jean‐Claude; Reitsma, J.; Santos, João Roberto dos; Spironello, Wilson Roberto; Romero‐Saltos, Hugo; Rovero, Francesco; Rozak, Andes Hamuraby; Ruokolainen, Kalle; Rutishauser, Ervan; Saiter, Felipe Zamborlini; Saner, Philippe; Santos, Bráulio A.; Santos, Fernanda; Sarker, Swapan Kumar; Satdichanh, Manichanh; Schmitt, Christine B.; Schöngart, Jochen; Schulze, Mark; Suganuma, Márcio Seiji; Sheil, Douglas; Pinheiro, Eduardo da Silva; Sist, Plínio; Stévart, Tariq; Sukumar, Raman; Sun, I‐Fang; Sunderland, Terry; Suresh, H. S.; Suzuki, Eizi; Tabarelli, Marcelo; Tang, Jangwei; Targhetta, Natália; Theilade, Ida; Thomas, Duncan W.; Tchouto, Peguy; Hurtado, Johanna; Valencia, Renato; Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van; Do, Tran Van; Vásquez, Rodolfo; Verbeeck, Hans; Adekunle, V. A. J.; Vieira, Simone A.; Webb, Campbell O.; Whitfeld, Timothy J. S.; Wich, Serge A.; Williams, John; Wittmann, Florian; Wöll, Hannsjoerg; Yang, Xiong‐Li; Yao, Constant Yves Adou; Yap, Sandra L.; Yoneda, Tsuyoshi; Zahawi, Rakan A.; Zakaria, Rahmad; Zang, Runguo; Assis, Rafael Leandro de; Luize, Bruno Garcia; Venticinque, Eduardo Martins

doi:10.1073/pnas.1423147112

Cited by 364 publications

(265 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…African forests are considered to be less diverse than tropical Asian and tropical American forests (37)(38)(39)(40); however, the African forests represented in the CTFS forest plots have comparable species richness to those elsewhere. Possibly the few African plots were selected for their high diversity compared with drier forests elsewhere on the continent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Region effects influence local tree species diversity

Ricklefs

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

100

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Global patterns of biodiversity reflect both regional and local processes, but the relative importance of local ecological limits to species coexistence, as influenced by the physical environment, in contrast to regional processes including species production, dispersal, and extinction, is poorly understood. Failure to distinguish regional influences from local effects has been due, in part, to sampling limitations at small scales, environmental heterogeneity within local or regional samples, and incomplete geographic sampling of species. Here, we use a global dataset comprising 47 forest plots to demonstrate significant region effects on diversity, beyond the influence of local climate, which together explain more than 92% of the global variation in local forest tree species richness. Significant region effects imply that large-scale processes shaping the regional diversity of forest trees exert influence down to the local scale, where they interact with local processes to determine the number of coexisting species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Region effects influence local tree species diversity

Ricklefs

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

100

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“…The differences are enormous. Current estimates suggest the minimum number of tropical tree species in the world between 40,000 and 53,000 (Slik et al 2015). The number of tree species described globally for temperate forest is only 1166 (Latham and Ricklefs 1993).…”

Section: Coexistence Theory: Species Differ In Nichesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Chance, Variation and the Nature of Causality in Ecological Communities

Kroon

Jongejans

2016

The Frontiers Collection

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Chance is pervasive in nature. Erratic events such as storms and fires can cause major damage to an ecosystem. Rare successful long distance dispersal events like a viable seed landing in just the right habitat can form the stepping stone for range expansion of a plant species. Illustrated with two examples we argue that in ecology chance events are scale-dependent. We show how random stochastic variation in species interactions may result in relative stability at a higher community level. In other systems the reverse may take place, in which deterministic interactions result in unpredictable chaotic dynamics. Analysing the processes and dynamics at these different scales has led to an increasing mechanistic understanding of the variation in ecological communities in space and time. Unambiguous identification of cause and effect relations from this work is of the greatest importance, as many ecosystems in the world are not amenable to experimentation. This work should form the scientific basis for identifying the threats to ecosystems and defining proper conservation and mitigation measures.

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“…Tropical forests are the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the Earth, with an estimated 53,000 tree species (Slik et al., 2015). This high diversity is associated with high levels of endemism (Hubbell, 2013; Myers et al., 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation favor range expansion of a Neotropical palm

Brancalion

Oliveira

Zucchi

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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One of the most intriguing questions in plant ecology is which evolutionary strategy allows widely distributed species to increase their ecological range and grow in changing environmental conditions. Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptations are major processes governing species range margins, but little is known about their relative contribution for tree species distribution in tropical forest regions. We investigated the relative role of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in the ecological distribution of the widespread palm Euterpe edulis in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Genetic sampling and experiments were performed in old‐growth remnants of two forest types with higher (Seasonal Semideciduous Forests vs. Submontane Rainforest) and lower biogeographic association and environmental similarities (Submontane Rainforest vs. Restinga Forest). We first assessed the molecular genetic differentiation among populations, focusing on the group of loci potentially under selection in each forest, using single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) outliers. Further, we looked for potential adaptive divergence among populations in a common garden experiment and in reciprocal transplants for two plant development phases: seedling establishment and sapling growth. Analysis with outlier loci indicated that all individuals from the Semideciduous Forest formed a single group, while another group was formed by overlapping individuals from Submontane Rainforest and Restinga Forest. Molecular differentiation was corroborated by reciprocal transplants, which yielded strong evidence of local adaptations for seedling establishment in the biogeographically divergent Rainforest and Semideciduous Forest, but not for Restinga Forest and Submontane Rainforest. Phenotypic plasticity for palm seedling establishment favors range expansion to biogeographically related or recently colonized forest types, while persistence in the newly colonized ecosystem may be favored by local adaptations if climatic conditions diverge over time, reducing gene flow between populations. SNPs obtained by next‐generation sequencing can help exploring adaptive genetic variation in tropical trees, which impose several challenges to the use of reciprocal transplants.

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An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

Cited by 364 publications

References 34 publications

Region effects influence local tree species diversity

Region effects influence local tree species diversity

Chance, Variation and the Nature of Causality in Ecological Communities

Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation favor range expansion of a Neotropical palm

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