An Epidemic Dieback Gall Disease of<i>Rhizophora</i>Mangroves in The Gambia, West Africa

Teas, Howard J.

doi:10.1094/pd-66-522

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Zostera were made from Z. marina seeds on ParpH agar containing pentachloronitrobenzene (Sigma/P7626) 25 mg l 21 , pimaricin (Sigma/ P-440) 0.0005%, ampicillin (Sigma/A-9393) 250 mg l 21 , rifampicin (Sigma/R-8626) 10 mg l 21 and hymexazol (Sigma/T-4014) 50 mg l 21 . Outgrowing colonies were transferred to CHA [37].…”

Section: (D) Molecular Identification Of Phytophthora Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tube was placed in a bead mill (Mixer Mill MM300; Retsch) for 80 s at 1800 beats min 21 . The mixture was centrifuged for 5 s at maximum speed in a micro centrifuge at 16 100g and 75 ml of the resulting supernatant was used for DNA isolation.…”

Section: (D) Molecular Identification Of Phytophthora Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Massive disease-driven die-offs of seagrasses [18,19] and mangroves [20,21] illustrate the potential harm to a population as a consequence of an outbreak. For instance, the pathogen Labyrinthula zosterae was the purported pathogen responsible for the loss of up to 90% of the Z. marina beds across the North Atlantic region in the 1930s [19,22], which eventually resulted in the loss of ecological properties such as the rich faunal or waterfowl communities often associated with Z. marina [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine Phytophthora species can hamper conservation and restoration of vegetated coastal ecosystems

Govers

Veld²,

Meffert³

et al. 2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Phytophthora species are potent pathogens that can devastate terrestrial plants, causing billions of dollars of damage yearly to agricultural crops and harming fragile ecosystems worldwide. Yet, virtually nothing is known about the distribution and pathogenicity of their marine relatives. This is surprising, as marine plants form vital habitats in coastal zones worldwide (i.e. mangrove forests, salt marshes, seagrass beds), and disease may be an important bottleneck for the conservation and restoration of these rapidly declining ecosystems. We are the first to report on widespread infection of Phytophthora and Halophytophthora species on a common seagrass species, Zostera marina (eelgrass), across the northern Atlantic and Mediterranean. In addition, we tested the effects of Halophytophthora sp. Zostera and Phytophthora gemini on Z. marina seed germination in a full-factorial laboratory experiment under various environmental conditions. Results suggest that Phytophthora species are widespread as we found these oomycetes in eelgrass beds in six countries across the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. Infection by Halophytophthora sp . Zostera, P. gemini , or both, strongly affected sexual reproduction by reducing seed germination sixfold. Our findings have important implications for seagrass ecology, because these putative pathogens probably negatively affect ecosystem functioning, as well as current restoration and conservation efforts.

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Section: (D) Molecular Identification Of Phytophthora Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (D) Molecular Identification Of Phytophthora Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine Phytophthora species can hamper conservation and restoration of vegetated coastal ecosystems

Govers

Veld²,

Meffert³

et al. 2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…The need to understand mortality in mangroves is highlighted by the claim that in the 60,000 ha of mangrove forest in the Gambia River, 50-75 percent of the Rhizophora forest will die in three to five years due to an epidemic gall disease (Teas and McEwan 1982). The ecological magnitude of this "epidemic," its economic implications (an estimated 40 million dollars in timber loss) and the possible consequences to the management of the Gambian or other similar mangrove ecosystems call for a careful analysis of this subject.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tree Mortality in Mangrove Forests

Jiménez¹,

Lugo²,

Cintrón³

1985

Biotropica

221

107

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Twenty-eight worldwide reports of massive mangrove tree mortalities are reviewed. Massive mortality is defined as tree mortalities that occur in response to rapid environmental change and affect all size dasses. Massive mortality occurs in addition to normal tree mortality. Normal tree mortality was described using structural data from 114 mangrove stands. This mortality is density dependent, follows orderly time dependent patterns dictated by stand maturation (related to average tree diameter), and usually occurs in the smaller diameter size classes. Disease and other biotic factors do not appear to be primary causes of massive mangrove mortalities. Instead, these factors appear to attack forests weakened by changes in the physical environment. Mangrove environments are dynamic and cyclical and mangrove associations adapt to such environments by both growing and dying fast. Mangrove species' characteristics such as the capacity to produce large quantities of propagules that take advantage of dispersal agents, sharp species zonations, and even-aged populations contribute to the rapid growth-mortality cycles in mangroves. Humans may tilt the balance towards higher mortality rates by introducing chronic stressors that inhibit regeneration mechanisms.

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“…Despite their importance there have been relatively few studies to consider the impact of microbial diseases on these trees (Osorio et al 2014). Diseases that have been reported from mangroves include branch cankers, leaf spots and die-back of trees (Barnard and Freeman 1982;Teas et al 1982;Wier et al 2000;Tattar and Scott 2004;Osorio et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudocercospora mapelanensis sp. nov., associated with a fruit and leaf disease of Barringtonia racemosa in South Africa

Osorio

Wingfield

Beer

et al. 2015

Australasian Plant Pathol.

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Barringtonia racemosa (Lecythidaceae) is a widely distributed mangrove associate in coastal areas of Africa, Asia and Australia. During routine disease surveys along the east coast of the KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa, B. racemosa trees were observed showing symptoms of leaf infection and necrotic lesions on fruits. A previously undescribed species of Pseudocercospora was commonly associated with these symptoms. 1 This fungus is described as Pseudocercospora mapelanensis sp. nov., based on multi-gene sequence analyses of the ACT, ITS, LSU and TEF genome regions, as well as morphological characteristics.

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An Epidemic Dieback Gall Disease ofRhizophoraMangroves in The Gambia, West Africa

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Marine Phytophthora species can hamper conservation and restoration of vegetated coastal ecosystems

Marine Phytophthora species can hamper conservation and restoration of vegetated coastal ecosystems

Tree Mortality in Mangrove Forests

Pseudocercospora mapelanensis sp. nov., associated with a fruit and leaf disease of Barringtonia racemosa in South Africa

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