An Entropy-Approach to the Duality Property

Abstract

According to a previously introduced entropy approach, it is possible to clarify the confusions of the duality concept that electrons and light may behave as waves or particles. In other words, the electron is clearly defined in this paper as a particle and the light is neatly defined as waves. Such an approach considered the flow of electric charges as a flow of ionized waves and the magnetic flux as electromagnetic waves of magnetic potential. By a similar entropy approach, the particle’s kinetic energy is defined also as electromagnetic waves. So, the electron can be defined as an energized particle whose electric charge, magnetic energy and kinetic energy are forms of electromagnetic waves. According to these definitions and similarity of the mechanisms and laws characterizing the flow of mass and energy in general, the flow of electrons can be postulated as a simultaneous flow of two energy-components; particulized energy and wave energy. Hence, the electron doesn’t have a dual nature. Rather, its behavior as a particle or as waves depends on the relative contributions of such components in the electron’s flow. Reviewing the results of de-Broglie’s experiments, it is possible to consider the flow of any particles as a simultaneous flow of waves and particles. Introducing the definition of the flow of electric charges as ionized waves, the photoelectric-effect can be postulated as an ionization process of the incident radiation during its reflection into an electric field. Similarly, the photovoltaic phenomena are postulated as a result of a photorefractive effect that may induce an electric potential into the incident radiation when crossing the electrically biased p-n junctions of photocells. Such postulates eliminate the confusing particle-property of light and prove that light has a wave-nature only. The truth of the introduced postulates is proven through finding plausible explanation of the sintering phenomena and thermoelectricity. Finally, this paper succeeded in introducing plausible explanations of results of Thompson’s experiment and other phenomena that end the confusions in defining the true nature of light and electrons as waves and particles

An Entropy Approach to the Natures of the Electric Charge and Magnetic Flux

“…Such definition of electric charge or current as electromagnetic waves of electric potential found plausible explanation of the discovered Tesla's "Radiant Energy" or Tesla's "Dark Waves" as normal transfer of electric current, of wave-nature, through air by the high electric potential of Tesla's tower [39]. Such postulated nature of electric charge succeeds also in solving the duality confusion in the field of electrodynamics [40].…”

An Entropy Approach to Tesla’s Discovery of Wireless Power Transmission

“…Starting from the similarity and analogy of laws governing the flow of heat and electricity, it was possible to postulate that such flows have the same nature [10]. In other words, the nature of electric current is postulated as the heat radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves.…”

“…According to an entropy-approach and the similarity characterizing the heat flow and the flow of electric charges, such "Radiant Energy" can be postulated as a flow of electromagnetic waves that have an electric potential [10]. Main concepts and experimental results that verify the truth of such postulate will be reviewed in the next section.…”

A Thermodynamic Analysis of Energy Flow in Optical Fiber Communication Systems

“…The previous analysis of energy flow into optical fibers, which is defined by equation (20), is based on the postulated definition of electric current as a flow of electromagnetic waves that have an electrical potential (Abdelhady, 2011a). Equation (20) expresses the input, output and dissipated energies in a fiber-communication system as superposition of two modes of electromagnetic waves; the propagating light and the pumped electromagnetic waves that have an electrical potential.…”

“…Such a concept has led to the confusing duality-property of electrons as the electric current is a form of energy or waves and it is not a flow of electrons (Abdelhady, 2011a). In this study, a previously introduced fundamental equation that embraces the flow of electric charges and magnetic flux is applied to perform a thermodynamic analysis of different components and processes in the optical communication systems (Abdelhady, 2011a). This equation defines the nature of electric current and magnetic flux as a flow of electromagnetic waves that have a specific potential or as a flow of entropy by virtue of their potentials (Abdelhady, 2010a).…”