“…This 40-m-long cave is known for its dark and oligotrophic environment (Omori et al 2010). The salinity (34.3, seasonal variation range unknown) and temperature (annual mean of ~24°C, with a seasonal variation range of 20–29°C) in the cave are similar to conditions outside at a similar water depth (i.e., 30 m) (salinity: ~35, with a seasonal variation range of 34.5–35.0; temperature: ~24°C, with a seasonal variation range of 20–29°C) (Yamamoto et al 2009b; Kitamura et al 2013; Chiu et al 2016). Figure 1 Location of sampling sites: A and B, location of Daidokutsu Cave; C, simplified cross section of Daidokutsu cave showing the position of core 06, core 19, and the surface-sediment sample IR1.…”
Section: Regional Settingmentioning
confidence: 76%
“…Tabukicypris decoris (= Pontocypris sp. of Tabuki and Hanai [1999]; Ryoichi Tabuki personal communication 2016) and Kasella ryukyuensis are cave-endemic species (Tabuki and Hanai 1999; Chiu et al 2016). They show a continuous increasing trend in relative abundance for the past 7 Kyr.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 1 Location of sampling sites: A and B, location of Daidokutsu Cave; C, simplified cross section of Daidokutsu cave showing the position of core 06, core 19, and the surface-sediment sample IR1. A and B are from Chiu et al (2016); C is from Omori et al (2010). …”
Section: Regional Settingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These caves and cavities are often considered as an important cryptic habitat or refuge. Especially, submarine caves are known to harbor various invertebrates, either relict, living fossil species and/or endemic taxa adapted to the cave environment, including coralline sponges, mollusks, and ostracods (Jackson et al 1971; Hayami and Kase 1992; Kase and Hayami 1992; Taylor and Palmer 1994; Tabuki and Hanai 1999; Kano and Kase 2008; Chiu et al 2016). The presence of these relict and endemic taxa may be due to reduced biotic interactions such as competition and predation in this dark and oligotrophic environment.…”
A submarine cave is a unique environment that is dark, food limited, semi-isolated from the outside, and sheltered from wave action. However, our knowledge of the long-term change in submarine-cave ecosystems remains limited. We document here the community-scale responses toward long-term change in a submarine cave, Daidokutsu in Okinawa in southern Japan. Using both metazoans (ostracods and bivalves) and protozoans (larger benthic foraminiferans) in two sediment cores obtained from the cave, we reconstruct the faunal and diversity changes of the past 7 Kyr. All taxonomic groups showed long-term, gradual linear change of faunal composition from predominantly open-water taxa to predominantly cave taxa, and ostracods showed short-term variability of species diversity. The long-term faunal trend probably reflects gradual isolation of the cave ecosystem due to coral reef development (i.e., development of the cave ceiling) during periods of the Holocene transgression and subsequent sea-level highstand. The short-term diversity changes show substantial similarity to centennial- to millennial-scale Holocene Asian monsoon variability. Ostracod species diversity peaks tend to correspond with periods of strong East Asian winter monsoons. The results indicate that limestone submarine-cave ecosystems, an important cryptic habitat, developed gradually during the Holocene and may be sensitive to rapid climate changes.
“…This 40-m-long cave is known for its dark and oligotrophic environment (Omori et al 2010). The salinity (34.3, seasonal variation range unknown) and temperature (annual mean of ~24°C, with a seasonal variation range of 20–29°C) in the cave are similar to conditions outside at a similar water depth (i.e., 30 m) (salinity: ~35, with a seasonal variation range of 34.5–35.0; temperature: ~24°C, with a seasonal variation range of 20–29°C) (Yamamoto et al 2009b; Kitamura et al 2013; Chiu et al 2016). Figure 1 Location of sampling sites: A and B, location of Daidokutsu Cave; C, simplified cross section of Daidokutsu cave showing the position of core 06, core 19, and the surface-sediment sample IR1.…”
Section: Regional Settingmentioning
confidence: 76%
“…Tabukicypris decoris (= Pontocypris sp. of Tabuki and Hanai [1999]; Ryoichi Tabuki personal communication 2016) and Kasella ryukyuensis are cave-endemic species (Tabuki and Hanai 1999; Chiu et al 2016). They show a continuous increasing trend in relative abundance for the past 7 Kyr.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 1 Location of sampling sites: A and B, location of Daidokutsu Cave; C, simplified cross section of Daidokutsu cave showing the position of core 06, core 19, and the surface-sediment sample IR1. A and B are from Chiu et al (2016); C is from Omori et al (2010). …”
Section: Regional Settingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These caves and cavities are often considered as an important cryptic habitat or refuge. Especially, submarine caves are known to harbor various invertebrates, either relict, living fossil species and/or endemic taxa adapted to the cave environment, including coralline sponges, mollusks, and ostracods (Jackson et al 1971; Hayami and Kase 1992; Kase and Hayami 1992; Taylor and Palmer 1994; Tabuki and Hanai 1999; Kano and Kase 2008; Chiu et al 2016). The presence of these relict and endemic taxa may be due to reduced biotic interactions such as competition and predation in this dark and oligotrophic environment.…”
A submarine cave is a unique environment that is dark, food limited, semi-isolated from the outside, and sheltered from wave action. However, our knowledge of the long-term change in submarine-cave ecosystems remains limited. We document here the community-scale responses toward long-term change in a submarine cave, Daidokutsu in Okinawa in southern Japan. Using both metazoans (ostracods and bivalves) and protozoans (larger benthic foraminiferans) in two sediment cores obtained from the cave, we reconstruct the faunal and diversity changes of the past 7 Kyr. All taxonomic groups showed long-term, gradual linear change of faunal composition from predominantly open-water taxa to predominantly cave taxa, and ostracods showed short-term variability of species diversity. The long-term faunal trend probably reflects gradual isolation of the cave ecosystem due to coral reef development (i.e., development of the cave ceiling) during periods of the Holocene transgression and subsequent sea-level highstand. The short-term diversity changes show substantial similarity to centennial- to millennial-scale Holocene Asian monsoon variability. Ostracod species diversity peaks tend to correspond with periods of strong East Asian winter monsoons. The results indicate that limestone submarine-cave ecosystems, an important cryptic habitat, developed gradually during the Holocene and may be sensitive to rapid climate changes.
“…Most cave kinorhynchs, including L. bretti sp. nov., have been found in caverns formed along the coast line with a continuous input of sea flow, yet often hosting cave exclusive fauna for other groups of animals (Chiu, 2016;Heiner et al, 2009;Kano and Kase, 2009).…”
Caves are natural laboratories to investigate evolutionary processes in the ocean. In contrast to the many described lineages of cave exclusive crustaceans and annelids, very little is known about cave scalidophorans. We here describe two new species of kinorhynchs from a lava tube in the Canary Islands and a cenote in the Yucatan Peninsula. Leiocanthus bretti sp. nov., from Tenerife, is mainly characterized by the lack of middorsal structure specializations on all trunk segment, middorsal line covered by hairs on segments 3-9, unpaired paradorsal setae on segments 2-9, middorsal seta on segment 10, and laterodorsal setae on segments 2-9 and 11. Pycnophyes kukulkan sp. nov. from Yucatan is defined by the strong denticulation in the tergal anterior margin, as a barbed comb, followed by the autapomorphic presence a pool of depressed and perforated cuticular annuli on the anterior half of the plate. The species is also defined by the combination of the following features: very long lateral terminal spines (LTS/TL above 38%), middorsal elevations on segments 2-9, unpaired paradorsal setae on segments 4, 6, 8, paired laterodorsal setae on segments 2-9, lateroventral setae on segments 2, 4, 6-8, 10 (two pairs on segment 10), ventrolateral setae on segment 5 plus ventrolateral or ventromedial setae on segments 3-8, and ventromedial ones on segment 9. The new species are discussed in reference to the diversity of cave scalidophorans, including possible adaptations to the ecological conditions found in some caves. A checklist with all the records of scalidophorans in caves is provided.
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