An Energy Efficient Hybrid MAC Protocol With Dynamic Sleep-Based Scheduling for High Density IoT Networks

Abstract

Advances in the development of low powered sensors has meant they can now provide solutions to IoT networks that suffer from restricted power supply and a lack of resource facilities. In this paper, a hybrid TDMA-CSMA/CA MAC protocol has been proposed that efficiently utilises the energy of the nodes and dynamically adapts the sleep/wake-up periods according to the variance in the network loads. This hybrid protocol first schedules the TDMA time slots (T DM A slots), and then allocates each slot to a group of devices that compete for the medium using the CSMA/CA. This case is different from the traditional CSMA/CA-TDMA hybrid protocol, in which all the devices compete to access the channel, following which, each successful device is allocated an individual time slot. At the commencement of each superframe, the base station broadcasts a scheduler table, which includes network grouping information that is used by the IoT devices to categorise themselves into wake-up and sleep groups. To reduce the number of collisions or channel access failures, this information permits only one group to compete for each T DM A slot. A three-dimensional Markov model is used to develop a per user stochastic behaviour for the proposed hybrid MAC protocol-based adaptable sleep mode. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol, which improves the network throughput and enhances energy conservation by 40%-60% more than the IEEE 802.15.4based MAC protocol.

A Survey of Energy and Spectrum Harvesting Technologies and Protocols for Next Generation Wireless Networks

“…Cross-layer scheduling structures have been developed between three layers: regulation of the source rate at the transport layer, optimizing multipath routing and flowrate at the network layer, and optimizing the MAC layer's duty cycle. In [83], a hybrid time division multiple access (TDMA) based medium access protocol has been suggested that avoids collisions and effectively uses the energy of the nodes and dynamically schedules the sleep/wake-up modes according to variability at the nodes. This increase the energy conservation by 40-60% compared to the IEEE 802.15.4-based MAC protocol.…”

“…In [81], the authors presented information-theoretic limits and scheduling policies, and medium access control (MAC) protocols are presented in [82], [83]. In addition to it, the authors discuss simultaneous information and power transfer.…”

Medium Access Control Protocols for the Internet of Things Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Comparative Survey

“…BirdMAC offers better energy-saving capabilities with infrequent synchronization of nodes’ clocks. A time-division multiple access (TDMA) and carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)-based hybrid MAC protocol targeted for highly dense IoT networks was presented in [ 38 ]. It utilizes the energy of the nodes and dynamically adapts the sleep/wake-up period according to the variance in the network loads.…”

Improving Duty Cycle-based MAC Protocol in Wireless Networks using AI and Machine Learning

“…Here we review various duty cycle aware protocols, which make sure that the sleep phases are given most of the cycle, while the awake phases are turned ON when needed [7]. This reduces the power consumption by many folds [8], and reduces latency in the network. Authors in [9] evaluate that the energy consumption is more in wake phase than sleep phase.…”