An Energy-Efficient Hash-Based MAC Protocol for LSN

Villordo-Jimenez, Iclia; Menchaca-Mendez, Rolando; Rivero-Ángeles, Mario E.; Torres-Cruz, Noé

doi:10.1109/latincom.2018.8613238

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…To ameliorate the negative impact of contention, some authors have proposed collision-free MAC protocols [22], [24]- [28]. In particular, those based on hash functions have proved to be very effective.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some other authors have proposed mechanisms to reduce the end-to-end delay of specific packets by using multiple techniques to differentiate priorities [29]- [36]. However, except for [22], none of these proposals were designed for LSN.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Villordo-Jimenez et al [22] presented H-MAC, a MAC protocol specifically designed for LSN that combines the advantages of pipelined scheduling and collision-free channel access based on hash functions. Numerical results show that H-MAC outperforms previous proposals for LSN's in terms of throughput, energy consumption, and delay; however, these results were obtained only through simulations, and no mathematical analysis is presented.…”

Section: B Collision-free Mac Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nodes in the same grade share the same duty cycle, and the pipeline is defined so that nodes in a given grade are in receiving state only when the nodes in the next grade are in transmitting state (see Figure 2). Energy-efficiency comes as a result of reducing idle listening and overhearing periods attained by this synchronized duty cycle [16], [18]- [22]. Unfortunately, as the Related Work Section shows, most previous proposals rely on traditional contention mechanisms that tend to create bottlenecks near the sink, limiting network throughput.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a solution to the contention problem, the authors of [22], [24], [25], [28] have proposed protocols based on hash functions to provide collision-free communications. Even though these collision-free proposals effectively increase the network throughput, they still suffer from reduced performance as the distance in hops to the sink increases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Scalable and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Linear Sensor Networks

Villordo-Jimenez¹,

Torres-Cruz²,

Menchaca-Mendez³

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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Linear topologies arise naturally in the context of Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications for smart cities, where the infrastructure itself commonly has a linear or semi-linear structure. This is the case of buildings, public transportation systems, road infrastructure, and utility distribution networks. Given the prevalence of this type of topologies, several Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have been designed to take advantage of their particular properties. Unfortunately, most of them do not scale well as the node density and the distance in hops to the sink increases. The result is that packets generated many hops away from the sink tend to experience unacceptable high end-to-end delay and low delivery probabilities. This paper introduces HP-MAC, a synchronized duty-cycled MAC protocol for Linear Sensor Networks (LSNs) that assigns transmission priorities to nodes to avoid collisions, through the implementation of distributed elections based on hash functions. HP-MAC also implements a packet queuing scheme that acts as a mechanism to control the amount of network resources allocated to data flows generated at different distances to the sink. This way, packets can reach their destination with loss probability and end-to-end delay that do not depend on their distance to the sink. We use a Discrete-Time Markov Chain (DTMC) to model the performance of the proposed protocol. Numerical solutions of this model show that HP-MAC outperforms state-of-the-art representatives in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, power consumption, and packet loss probability. These results are validated through extensive discrete-event simulations.INDEX TERMS Linear sensor networks (LSN), synchronized duty-cycled MAC protocol, collision-free MAC protocol, Markov chain, energy-efficient Internet of Things (IoT).

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Collision-free Mac Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Scalable and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Linear Sensor Networks

Villordo-Jimenez¹,

Torres-Cruz²,

Menchaca-Mendez³

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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Investigating the Avalanche Effect of Various Cryptographically Secure Hash Functions and Hash-Based Applications

et al. 2022

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In modern cryptography, hash functions are considered as one of the key components for secure communication. They play a vital role in a wide range of applications such as ensuring the authentication and integrity of the data, in forensic investigation, password storage, random number generations for unique session keys, and for creating a unified view in blockchain. The Avalanche effect (also known as diffusion) is an important characteristic of a hash function where a minor change in the hash function's input will result in a significantly different output. The absence of this property implies that the hash function is vulnerable to various attacks such as collision attack, length extension attack, and preimage attack. Through this research, we have investigated the Avalanche effect of sixteen hash functions and two hash-based applications, namely Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) and Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS). To measure the performance of these hash functions and hash-based applications, we have implemented a generic circuit using CrypTool for automating the simulation process for multiple trials. Simulation results indicate that around half of the inputs of each hash function failed to exhibit the Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) and, Bit Independence Criterion (BIC). Moreover, we ranked the hash functions based on Multi Criteria Decision Metrics (MCDM) using intermediate states of simulation results. Furthermore, a total of fifteen statistical tests were carried out to evaluate the randomization property of the hash functions using NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) toolkit. This study is aimed to open up a future scope of research to the need for improvement of various hash functions by analyzing the randomization and non-correlation properties of existing functions in terms of the Avalanche effect.

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SCF-MAC Protocol: A selective node’s-waking up, collision-alleviating, fault- tolerant medium access protocol for Linear Wireless Sensor Network

Mann

Singh

2023

Preprint

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Linear sensor network is becoming an interesting area of research due to its distinctive characteristic of linearity. Also, when it comes to monitoring and surveillance task, LSNs are of great importance. However, the battery constraint nature of sensor network act as a limiting factor, thus making energy efficiency an essential requirement for designing LSNs. In context of the seven-layer approach, Mac layer is considered to be the most essential layer for energy conservation. In this paper, we have proposed a Mac protocol specifically for LSN which is divided into homogeneous grades having sink node at one end only. It is a synchronous duty-cycled protocol utilizing pipeline forwarding or staggered scheduling along with a fault tolerance mechanism to overcome load balancing issues. Extensive discrete time simulations have been performed which shows that SCF MAC have remarkably performed better than the previous state of art models in terms of throughput, packet drop probability, energy consumption.

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An Energy-Efficient Hash-Based MAC Protocol for LSN

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

A Scalable and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Linear Sensor Networks

A Scalable and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Linear Sensor Networks

Investigating the Avalanche Effect of Various Cryptographically Secure Hash Functions and Hash-Based Applications

SCF-MAC Protocol: A selective node’s-waking up, collision-alleviating, fault- tolerant medium access protocol for Linear Wireless Sensor Network

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