An energy budget model for estimating the thermal comfort of children

Cheng, Wenwen; Brown, Robert D.

doi:10.1007/s00484-020-01916-x

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…It is another indicator that children's thermal perception is different from that of adults. Cheng and Brown [24] modified the thermal comfort model COMFA into a child energy budget model by considering children's heat exchange. The results indicated that the thermal acceptable range for children is different than that for adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions

Shao

Tang

et al. 2022

Buildings

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This study uses the universal thermal climate index (UTCI) and whole-body and local cooling assessment to determine the thermal benchmarks and cold risk for children in China’s severe cold regions. The relevant measurements and survey were conducted in four open spaces at a children’s park in Harbin, China. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) In winter, solar radiation and global temperature affects winter thermal sensation in male and female children the most. (2) Female children have a lower neutral UTCI (6.0 °C) than male children (7.3 °C), and female children have lower upper and lower thresholds of the neutral UTCI range (1.3–13.4 °C) than male children (0.6–14.1 °C). (3) Children who engaged in light-intensity activities, were exposed to cold winds, and touched cold surfaces with their bare fingers are at risk of whole-body and local cooling. (4) Children prefer exercising (PFemale = 35.5%, PMale = 48.3%) and moving to sunshine for thermal adaptation (PFemale = 31.1%, PMale = 26.4%). (5) Winter travel guidelines, cold-risk-prevention measures, and safety guidelines for winter outdoor activities are proposed. The results provide references for the design of open spaces in urban parks in China’s severe cold regions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions

Shao

Tang

et al. 2022

Buildings

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“…Nevertheless, steady-state models don't consider the dynamic heat change during a period of time due to the variability of solar exposure, wind speed, and exposure duration and especially due to the accumulated heat during physical exercise that reduces the human capacity to acclimatize [47,48]. Therefore, related studies could be expanded on the development of the non-steady-state models to consider and quantify outdoor human comfort over time [47,48].…”

Section: Monitoring Outdoor Human Thermal Comfort-human Thermal Indicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is an increasing interest in designing urban areas to be thermally comfortable during hot weather so as to encourage people and especially children, who are considered more sensitive and vulnerable to hot ambient conditions compared to adults [76], to spend more time outdoors. Although many outdoor thermal comfort models have been developed, [35], none has been developed for children [48]. Designing outdoor areas for children based on adult thermal comfort models might result in areas that are thermally comfortable for adults, but not for children [48].…”

Section: Thermal Perception Of Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although many outdoor thermal comfort models have been developed, [35], none has been developed for children [48]. Designing outdoor areas for children based on adult thermal comfort models might result in areas that are thermally comfortable for adults, but not for children [48]. The concept of thermal comfort was introduced in 70s [77], but until today, it has been rarely addressed in relation to children.…”

Section: Thermal Perception Of Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, differences may arise among age groups [78][79][80][81][82]. When considering equation 1, specific differences can be identified for children compared to adults that refer to convective, evaporation and radiative heat exchanges [48] (Table 2). The major physical differences between children and adults are the higher surface area-to-body mass ratio of children [78,79] and their higher metabolic rate [79].…”

Section: Thermal Perception Of Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Environment of Urban Schoolyards: Current and Future Design with Respect to Children’s Thermal Comfort

2020

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Urban outdoor thermal conditions, and its impacts on the health and well-being for the city inhabitants have reached increased attention among biometeorological studies during the last two decades. Children are considered more sensitive and vulnerable to hot ambient conditions compared to adults, and are affected strongly by their thermal environment. One of the urban outdoor environments that children spend almost one third of their school time is the schoolyard. The aims of the present manuscript were to review studies conducted worldwide, in order to present the biophysical characteristics of the typical design of the urban schoolyard. This was done to assess, in terms of bioclimatology, the interactions between the thermal environment and the children’s body, to discuss the adverse effects of thermal environment on children, especially the case of heat stress, and to propose measures that could be applied to improve the thermal environment of schoolyards, focusing on vegetation. Human thermal comfort monitoring tools are mainly developed for adults, thus, further research is needed to adapt them to children. The schemes that are usually followed to design urban schoolyards create conditions that favour the exposure of children to excessive heat, inducing high health risks to them. The literature survey showed that typical urban schoolyard design (i.e., dense surface materials, absence of trees) triggered high surface temperatures (that may exceed 58 °C) and increased absorption of radiative heat load (that may exceed 64 °C in terms of Mean Radiant Temperature) during a clear day with intense solar radiation. Furthermore, vegetation cover has a positive impact on schoolyard’s microclimate, by improving thermal comfort and reducing heat stress perception of children. Design options for urban schoolyards and strategies that can mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress are proposed with focus on vegetation cover that affect positively their thermal environment and improve their aesthetic and functionality.

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Systematic Review to Address the Effect of Urban Heat Island and Outdoor Thermal Condition on Human Comfort in Small and Medium Cities of Global South

Basu,

Das

2024

Climate Change Management

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An energy budget model for estimating the thermal comfort of children

Cited by 34 publications

References 40 publications

Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions

Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions

Thermal Environment of Urban Schoolyards: Current and Future Design with Respect to Children’s Thermal Comfort

Systematic Review to Address the Effect of Urban Heat Island and Outdoor Thermal Condition on Human Comfort in Small and Medium Cities of Global South

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