“…Our set of atomic changes was as follows: add an empty module, delete a module, add an empty method, change body of method, delete a method, add/delete an attribute, change an attribute initializer, add an empty advice, change an advice body, delete an advice, add an empty pointcut, change a pointcut body, delete a pointcut, introduce an empty method, change an introduced method body, delete an introduced method, introduce an attribute, delete an introduced attribute, change an introduced attribute initializer, add/delete a soften exception declaration, add/delete an aspect precedence, add/delete a hierarchy declaration, change an access level modifier. This set of atomic changes was adapted from Shen et al (2008). Note that we took into account changes to access modifiers and we considered the deletion of a whole non-empty element as one atomic change.…”