“…Thus, parental education is a profound factor influencing development of student self-concept and academic achievement (Eccles & Harold, 1993;Nakagawa, 2000;Pena, 2000). Because the TIMSS 2003 data were unavailable to the general public until the end of May, 2005, previous studies could not examine this non-monotonic pattern (e.g., Wang, J., 2004;Wang, 2005;Wang, Oliver, & Garcia, 2004;Wilkins, 2004). In this regard, this investigation is built on a solid theoretical framework and pertinent empirical data to enrich the existing knowledge base.…”