An Empirical Perception of Economic Resilience Responded to the COVID-19 Epidemic Outbreak in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration, China: Characterization and Interaction

Abstract

The COVID-19 has caused a serious impact on the global economy, and all countries are in a predicament of fighting the epidemic and recovering their economies. Aiming to discuss the impact of the COVID-19 on the economic resilience of urban agglomerations, the economic data of each quarter from June 2019 to September 2020 of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration are selected, and the economic development index (EDI) is calculated based on the entropy method. Combining the fundamental conditions of urban agglomerations and industrial policies during the COVID-19, urban economic resilience is discussed by the changing trend of the economic development index (EDI) and dividing into resistance and restoration. The results show that: (1) The economic development level of the urban agglomeration has been affected by the epidemic and has changed significantly. The change of endogenous power is the main cause of change.; (2) During the outbreak of the COVID-19, the economic resilience of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration shows four different development types: high resistance and restoration, high resistance but low restoration, low resistance but high restoration, low resistance and restoration cities; (3) High resistance but low restoration, low resistance but high restoration, and low resistance and restoration cities influence each other, but the relationship between cities is mainly dependent ; (4) The economic restoration within the urban agglomeration forms a synergy, which promotes the economic recovery and development of the urban agglomeration during the recovery period of the COVID-19. Urban agglomerations should enhance the combined effect of resistance and increase the impact of high resistance and restoration cities on surrounding cities in the future.

The impact of urban spatial environment on COVID-19: a case study in Beijing

“…These markets typically involved significant movements of people and goods ( 58–60 ). Particularly as the core city in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, large-scale commercial markets and transportation hubs in Beijing became centers for the dispersal of people and goods in the metropolitan area, resulting in a high frequency and rapid spread of epidemics over a wide area ( 61 , 62 ). Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the popularization of public service facilities, fully consider the needs and accessibility of residents in the layout of facilities, reduce high-density urban development, and avoid the concentration of human flow.…”

Building a Resilient Local Economy: The Influence of Global Crises on Deglobalization of the Tourism Supply System

“…So far, there were many attempts in developing tourism destination resilience models and frameworks. For instance, the Economic Resilience Model (ERM) was initiated after 2008 Global economic crisis (Zhang, Y. et al, 2021), providing local governments an opportunity to evaluate and monitor the destination's economic resilience to external shocks caused by a shortage in the supply of international goods and services intended for tourism consumption. Among other attempts there are 'Regional Tourism Adaptation Framework' (RTAF) (Basurto-Cedeño and Pennington-Gray, 2018), 'Scale, Change and Resilience' (SCR) model (Lew et al, 2017), 'Destination Resilience Framework' (DRF) (Cahyanto and Pennington-Gray, 2017), while Cochrane (2010) proposed 'a Sphere of tourism resilience' (STR) model.…”

The analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on wellness tourism

“…The year 2020 was an unusual year with the emergence of the COVID-19. It has severely impacted our economic development and disrupted social stability [7]. In the background of the COVID-19, the development of wellness tourism also faced critical opportunities and challenges.…”